Conrad Course material 10025 14 years and over 10025 Manual De Usuario
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10025
Fig. 1: Inner principle of the patch panel
Solar module
The solar module included consists of several polycrystalline solar cells. The silicon material, made of
several crystals, is contaminated by intentional doping, which gives a negative and a positive layer.
The N-layer (negatively doped) is coated dark blue on top, for better absorption of light. The lower
layer is the P-layer. The electrons are set in motion by impinging light and a voltage arises between
the two layers described. We can use this voltage and the flowing current. A single crystalline silicon
solar cell gets ca. 0.5 V per cell. The current depends on the size of the cell.
Fig. 2: Schematic symbol: solar module
several crystals, is contaminated by intentional doping, which gives a negative and a positive layer.
The N-layer (negatively doped) is coated dark blue on top, for better absorption of light. The lower
layer is the P-layer. The electrons are set in motion by impinging light and a voltage arises between
the two layers described. We can use this voltage and the flowing current. A single crystalline silicon
solar cell gets ca. 0.5 V per cell. The current depends on the size of the cell.
Fig. 2: Schematic symbol: solar module
Solar motor
There is a solar motor in the educational kit that starts up with just a small amount of current and a
little voltage. The motor in the educational kit is a low-voltage DC motor.
Fig. 3: Schematic symbol: motor
little voltage. The motor in the educational kit is a low-voltage DC motor.
Fig. 3: Schematic symbol: motor
Diode
Diodes let the current pass in only one direction. For that reason, they are used to rectify AC voltages
and to block undesirable polarity with DC voltage, among other things. You can picture the functioning
of a diode in normal operation most easily as a non-return valve (water installations).
Fig. 4: Silicon diode, type 1N 4148. The cathode of the diode is identified by the imprinted stripe; the
other connection wire is the anode. The technical current direction goes from the anode to the
cathode.
In forward direction (schematic symbol: arrow), with a silicon diode such as the 1N 4148, significant
current only begins to flow at a voltage of ca. 0.6 to 0.7 V.
Fig. 5: Schematic symbol: diode
As a rule, there are two kinds of diodes used in photovoltaic systems: blocking diodes and bypass
diodes. Blocking diodes prevent the battery from discharging through the photovoltaic modules when
sunlight is lacking. The bypass diodes protect the solar cells and the panel from possible damage
which could be caused by partial shading.
and to block undesirable polarity with DC voltage, among other things. You can picture the functioning
of a diode in normal operation most easily as a non-return valve (water installations).
Fig. 4: Silicon diode, type 1N 4148. The cathode of the diode is identified by the imprinted stripe; the
other connection wire is the anode. The technical current direction goes from the anode to the
cathode.
In forward direction (schematic symbol: arrow), with a silicon diode such as the 1N 4148, significant
current only begins to flow at a voltage of ca. 0.6 to 0.7 V.
Fig. 5: Schematic symbol: diode
As a rule, there are two kinds of diodes used in photovoltaic systems: blocking diodes and bypass
diodes. Blocking diodes prevent the battery from discharging through the photovoltaic modules when
sunlight is lacking. The bypass diodes protect the solar cells and the panel from possible damage
which could be caused by partial shading.
LEDs
The LED (light emitting diode) has one further characteristic: it shines when voltage is applied.
Normally, LEDs should always be operated with a series resistor for current limiting. Red LEDs require
the least voltage (1.8 V). After them are the yellow, green, blue and finally white LEDs with the highest
voltage (up to 3.6 V).
Fig. 6: Pin assignment of LEDs: the anode (+) with the longer connection wire and the cathode (-)
additionally marked with a flat area (6a) on the enclosure
Fig. 7: Schematic symbol: LED
Along with the “normal” LEDs there are also special designs such as a flashing LED. You can identify
a flashing LED by the small black spot within the red enclosure. This spot contains a tiny electronic
system in the form of an integrated circuit which causes the LED to flash as soon as the correct
voltage is applied.
Normally, LEDs should always be operated with a series resistor for current limiting. Red LEDs require
the least voltage (1.8 V). After them are the yellow, green, blue and finally white LEDs with the highest
voltage (up to 3.6 V).
Fig. 6: Pin assignment of LEDs: the anode (+) with the longer connection wire and the cathode (-)
additionally marked with a flat area (6a) on the enclosure
Fig. 7: Schematic symbol: LED
Along with the “normal” LEDs there are also special designs such as a flashing LED. You can identify
a flashing LED by the small black spot within the red enclosure. This spot contains a tiny electronic
system in the form of an integrated circuit which causes the LED to flash as soon as the correct
voltage is applied.
Resistors
A resistor is a passive component in electric and electronic circuits. Its main task is reduction of the
flowing current to “reasonable” values. The resistance values are imprinted in the form of coded
coloured rings. The first four coloured rings indicate the resistance value according to the following
table. The fifth (narrower) coloured ring stands for the tolerance of the resistance value. A tip for easy
differentiation of the resistors in the educational kit: The 10 Ω type is thicker than the others. There are
two of the 100 Ω type.
flowing current to “reasonable” values. The resistance values are imprinted in the form of coded
coloured rings. The first four coloured rings indicate the resistance value according to the following
table. The fifth (narrower) coloured ring stands for the tolerance of the resistance value. A tip for easy
differentiation of the resistors in the educational kit: The 10 Ω type is thicker than the others. There are
two of the 100 Ω type.