Yamaha 02R User Manual

Glossary

 – Using a low frequency oscillator (LFO) to control a signal’s 

frequency (pitch) or amplitude (level). The internal effects programs use 
modulation for a number of their programs. See Internal Effects.

 – This theorem defines the process of 

sampling audio with a digital system. Amongst other things, it states that 
the sampling frequency of a digital audio system must be at least twice that 
of the highest audio frequency, otherwise aliasing will occur. The Nyquist 
theorem was developed at Bell Labs by C. Shannon and H. Nyquist. See 
Aliasing.

 – The input analog signal is sampled at a much higher rate 

than the normal sampling rate. Using the high sample rate, the digital data 
may be processed with a very steep slope digital filter. As the filter is in the 
digital domain, unpleasant side-effects, such as phase effects are 
eliminated. The 02R uses 64-times over-sampling for most of its analog 
inputs and 8-times over-sampling for most of its analog outputs.

– Pulse Code Modulation. A scheme for encoding audio data as a 

series of pulses. Each pulse defines a transition from binary one to binary 
zero.

 – An equalizer circuit that is used to cut and boost a signal, 

centered about a specific frequency. Using the bandwidth (Q) parameter, 
you can widen or narrow the effect of the circuit. 

 – Phase is the frequency coherence of a signal. If two signals are out 

of phase, the trough of the first waveform corresponds with the peak of the 
second, resulting in cancellation. The 02R can invert the phase of the input 
signals, which allows you to compensate for incorrectly wired conductors 
and so forth.

 – A MIDI message that is used to recall programs. On the 

02R they recall scene memories.

 – The bandwidth of an equalizer band. For high values the 

bandwidth is narrow. For low values, it is wide. See Equalizer .

– The encoding process when the analog input is 

approximated (quantized) to the nearest binary value available. In the 
20-bit system of the 02R, pulses are approximated to one of 1,048,576 binary 
values. These approximations are not an exact duplication of the analog 
waveform and are therefore contain quantization errors (noise). However, 
this noise is reduced by over-sampling.

 – A memory chip that stores data that 

can be edited and changed. It requires a continuous electrical charge. The 
02R scenes memories and other libraries are stored in RAM. An internal 
backup battery provides the continuous charge. Contrast with ROM.

 – A memory chip that stores data that cannot 

be edited. The 02R operating system is stored in ROM. Contrast with RAM.