Apple Mac OS X Tiger 10.4 EN CD Mac Retail Box M9639Z/A Prospecto
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Technology Brief
Mac OS X for UNIX Users
Mac OS X for UNIX Users
Search
The ability to search for information—using filenames, metadata, or the contents
of files—is an integral part of the Mac OS X architecture. The user interface, system
applications, file system, and interprocess communication all work together to ensure
that users get up-to-date information about documents, messages, applications, and
other resources on the system.
of files—is an integral part of the Mac OS X architecture. The user interface, system
applications, file system, and interprocess communication all work together to ensure
that users get up-to-date information about documents, messages, applications, and
other resources on the system.
System services
Beneath the easy-to-use interface and rich graphics are powerful system services
for directories, mobility, and security. Together, these services ensure that Mac OS X
functions consistently, compatibly, and securely wherever users go.
for directories, mobility, and security. Together, these services ensure that Mac OS X
functions consistently, compatibly, and securely wherever users go.
Darwin foundation
Powering all these capabilities is Darwin, an open source, UNIX-based foundation built
on technologies such as FreeBSD, Mach, Apache, and GCC. Darwin provides a com-
plete UNIX environment, with X11 and POSIX services comparable to Linux or FreeBSD,
including the familiar kernel, libraries, network services, and command-line environment
described in the following pages.
on technologies such as FreeBSD, Mach, Apache, and GCC. Darwin provides a com-
plete UNIX environment, with X11 and POSIX services comparable to Linux or FreeBSD,
including the familiar kernel, libraries, network services, and command-line environment
described in the following pages.
State-of-the-Art Foundation
The Mac OS X kernel at the heart of Darwin is based on FreeBSD 5 and Mach 3.0. The
Berkeley Standard Distribution (BSD, first developed at the University of California,
Berkeley) is one of the most widely respected UNIX implementations. BSD provides Mac
OS X with the stability, performance, and compatibility for which UNIX is justly famous.
Apple has enhanced BSD by adding Mach 3.0 technology based on the OSF/mk micro-
kernel from the Open Software Foundation, providing memory management, thread
control, hardware abstraction, and interprocess communication services.
Berkeley Standard Distribution (BSD, first developed at the University of California,
Berkeley) is one of the most widely respected UNIX implementations. BSD provides Mac
OS X with the stability, performance, and compatibility for which UNIX is justly famous.
Apple has enhanced BSD by adding Mach 3.0 technology based on the OSF/mk micro-
kernel from the Open Software Foundation, providing memory management, thread
control, hardware abstraction, and interprocess communication services.
Apple has built on top of this rich Mach/BSD heritage with a number of powerful
innovations, including well-defined, future-proof kernel programming interfaces (KPIs)
supporting dynamically loadable file systems, network extensions, and packet filters, as
well as I/O Kit drivers. Such innovations enable Mac OS X to provide a wide range of
services, which include the following.
innovations, including well-defined, future-proof kernel programming interfaces (KPIs)
supporting dynamically loadable file systems, network extensions, and packet filters, as
well as I/O Kit drivers. Such innovations enable Mac OS X to provide a wide range of
services, which include the following.
Process management
Optimized symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
Mac OS X has always provided full SMP support for user applications as well as within
the Mach subsystems. Tiger includes optimized kernel resource locking at the level of
individual interfaces and buffers, minimizing the chance of threads on different proces-
sors having to block for each other. This allows users to get maximum performance
from multiprocessor systems such as the Xserve G5 or Power Mac G5.
Mac OS X has always provided full SMP support for user applications as well as within
the Mach subsystems. Tiger includes optimized kernel resource locking at the level of
individual interfaces and buffers, minimizing the chance of threads on different proces-
sors having to block for each other. This allows users to get maximum performance
from multiprocessor systems such as the Xserve G5 or Power Mac G5.
Efficient kernel threads
The Mac OS X kernel directly implements the pthreads API (from the POSIX 1003.1c
standard) for efficiently handling multithreaded applications on one or more processors.
Each thread is individually scheduled and migrated by the kernel, without the overhead
of user-level thread libraries, minimizing CPU and memory overhead. Tiger includes full
support for POSIX threads, including cancellation and synchronization.
The Mac OS X kernel directly implements the pthreads API (from the POSIX 1003.1c
standard) for efficiently handling multithreaded applications on one or more processors.
Each thread is individually scheduled and migrated by the kernel, without the overhead
of user-level thread libraries, minimizing CPU and memory overhead. Tiger includes full
support for POSIX threads, including cancellation and synchronization.
User-level real-time support
Each thread, even an unprivileged one, can specify its exact real-time requirements.
For example, a thread can request 30 out of every 200 cycles to ensure that the write
buffer is always full for maximum-speed DVD burning. The kernel then monitors threads
to ensure that they stay within their stated allotment, enabling the system to safely
perform normal tasks during time-sensitive operations.
Each thread, even an unprivileged one, can specify its exact real-time requirements.
For example, a thread can request 30 out of every 200 cycles to ensure that the write
buffer is always full for maximum-speed DVD burning. The kernel then monitors threads
to ensure that they stay within their stated allotment, enabling the system to safely
perform normal tasks during time-sensitive operations.
Top New Features
for UNIX Users
for UNIX Users
• 64-bit processes. Tiger sports a complete
64-bit virtual memory system while natively
running 32-bit processes. Processes have 16
exabytes of address space, more than enough
for today’s (and tomorrow’s) biological and
engineering data sets.
running 32-bit processes. Processes have 16
exabytes of address space, more than enough
for today’s (and tomorrow’s) biological and
engineering data sets.
• Spotlight. The mdfind command-line tool
makes it trivial for scripts and web services
to search the Spotlight metadata store and
quickly find relevant images, email, docu-
ments, and other files.
to search the Spotlight metadata store and
quickly find relevant images, email, docu-
ments, and other files.
• Automator. Automator is not just a great
graphical tool for integrating shell scripts and
AppleScript scripts into complex workflows;
those workflows can be scheduled (à la cron)
or saved as their own applications.
AppleScript scripts into complex workflows;
those workflows can be scheduled (à la cron)
or saved as their own applications.
• Xgrid. The Xgrid command-line tool makes
it easy to run an arbitrary program across
an ad hoc network with different inputs, for
scientific computation or content creation.
an ad hoc network with different inputs, for
scientific computation or content creation.
• GCC 4.0. GCC 4.0 features global optimiza-
tion based on Single Static Assignment, a
new C++ front end designed for ISO/IEC
14882:2003 conformance, and PowerPC G5
functionality—including automatic use of
the Velocity Engine, 64-bit pointers, and long
(128-bit head-tail) doubles.
new C++ front end designed for ISO/IEC
14882:2003 conformance, and PowerPC G5
functionality—including automatic use of
the Velocity Engine, 64-bit pointers, and long
(128-bit head-tail) doubles.
• Remappable modifiers. The Keyboard pane
in System Preferences allows arbitrary remap-
ping of modifiers (such as Ctrl and Caps Lock)
on any keyboard.
ping of modifiers (such as Ctrl and Caps Lock)
on any keyboard.
• Enhanced kernel. Robust kernel program-
ming interfaces (KPIs) enabled a reengineered
kernel with optimized SMP locking, higher I/O
throughput, native poll system calls, and less
use of wired memory.
kernel with optimized SMP locking, higher I/O
throughput, native poll system calls, and less
use of wired memory.
• Access control lists. Kernel-level checks for
read, write, and execute permissions of arbi-
trary user lists are fully compatible with UNIX
and Windows standards.
trary user lists are fully compatible with UNIX
and Windows standards.
• HFS+ command-line support. Utilities (cp,
mv, tar, rsync) properly handle resource forks,
using the same standard APIs as Spotlight
and ACLs.
using the same standard APIs as Spotlight
and ACLs.
• Tk/Aqua. The Tcl/Tk framework runs natively
(no X11) on Quartz and is also accessible from
Python.
Python.
• Quartz for Python. Users can convert Word
files and other rich documents to PDF and
tap into the full power of Quartz drawing,
QuickTime imaging, and Cocoa text.
tap into the full power of Quartz drawing,
QuickTime imaging, and Cocoa text.
• vForce. All-new Accelerate APIs maximize
throughput for common forms of numerical
computing while preserving accuracy.
computing while preserving accuracy.
• Korn shell. AT&T’s ksh is included, making it
much easier to run scripts written for Solaris
and similar systems.
and similar systems.