Manuels d'utilisation pour Adobe ADBCD17648MC

Table des matières

• Contents

  4
• Chapter 1: Getting started

  7
  • Installing Photoshop Elements

    7
    • Requirements

      7
    • Install the software

      7
    • Register

      7
    • ReadMe file

      7
  • Using Help and getting support

    7
    • Using Photoshop Elements Help

      7
    • Customer support

      8
  • New and enhanced features

    8
    • What’s new

      8
  • Working in Photoshop Elements

    9
    • Downloading and organizing photos

      9
      • Accessing Adobe Bridge from Photoshop Elements

        10
    • Editing photos

      10
    • Creating photo composites

      11
      • Photomerge Exposure and Photomerge Scene Cleaner

        12
    • Creating and sharing photo projects

      13
• Chapter 2: Photoshop Elements workspace

  15
  • About the workspace

    15
    • The Welcome screen

      15
    • The editing workspace

      15
    • Use Application frames

      17
    • Exit Photoshop Elements

      17
  • Context menus

    17
    • Use context menus

      17
    • Using keyboard commands and modifier keys

      18
  • Tools

    18
    • About the toolbox

      18
    • Select a tool

      19
    • Set tool preferences

      20
    • Set the appearance of a tool pointer

      20
    • Set tool options

      20
    • Set a completed operations alert

      21
  • Panels and bins

    21
    • About panels

      21
    • Work with panels

      22
    • Work with the Panel Bin

      24
    • Use the Project Bin

      24
  • Undo, redo, and cancel

    25
    • Undo, redo, or cancel operations

      25
    • Using the Undo History panel

      25
      • Revert to the last saved version

        26
      • Revert to a previous state of an image

        26
      • Delete one or more states from the Undo History panel

        26
    • Clear memory used by the clipboard and the Undo History panel

      26
    • Restore default preferences

      26
    • Redisplay disabled warning messages

      27
  • Scratch disks and plug-ins

    27
    • About scratch disks

      27
    • Change scratch disks

      27
    • About plug-in modules

      27
    • Install plug-in modules

      28
    • Select an additional plug-ins folder

      28
• Chapter 3: Import photos

  29
  • Importing photos

    29
    • About getting photos

      29
    • Open a file for editing on your hard disk

      29
    • Open a file from a device

      29
    • Open a file from the Welcome screen

      29
    • Open a file from Adobe Photo Downloader

      29
    • Guidelines for getting photos from devices

      29
    • Import keywords attached to photos

      30
  • Cameras and card readers

    30
    • About cameras and card readers

      30
    • Get photos from a digital camera or card reader

      30
    • Set advanced photo downloading options

      31
  • Scanners

    32
    • About scanning

      32
    • Get photos from scanners

      32
  • Local files, CDs, DVDs, and video

    33
    • Get photos from files and folders

      33
    • About preview files

      33
    • Get photos from a CD or DVD

      33
    • Get photos from video

      34
• Chapter 4: Working with files

  35
  • Opening files

    35
    • Create a new blank file

      35
    • Open a file

      35
      • Open a recently used file

        36
    • Open a PDF file

      36
    • Open an EPS file

      37
    • Place a PDF, Adobe Illustrator, or EPS file in a new layer

      37
    • Process multiple files

      38
    • Close a file

      39
  • Managing and organizing files

    39
    • View or add file information

      39
    • Use the Info Panel

      39
    • Use keywords and metadata to identify files

      40
    • Stacking files

      40
  • Viewing images

    41
    • Viewing images

      41
    • Zoom in or out

      41
    • Display an image at 100%

      42
    • Fit an image to the screen

      42
    • Resize the window while zooming

      42
    • Using the Navigator panel

      43
    • Open multiple windows of the same image

      43
    • View and arrange multiple windows

      43
    • Close windows

      44
  • Guides, grids, and rulers

    44
    • About rulers, grids, and guides

      44
    • Change the rulers’ zero origin and settings

      44
    • Change the grid settings

      45
    • Change the guide settings

      45
  • Saving and exporting images

    45
    • About saving images and file formats

      45
    • File formats for saving

      46
    • Save changes in different file formats

      47
    • Understanding file compression

      50
    • Set file-saving preferences

      50
  • Guided Edit

    51
    • Use the Guided Edit options

      51
    • The Crop Photo Guided Edit

      51
    • The Recompose Photo Guided Edit

      51
    • The Rotate and/or Straighten Guided Edit

      52
    • The Sharpen Photo Guided Edit

      52
    • The Lighten or Darken Guided Edit

      52
    • The Brightness and Contrast Guided Edit

      52
    • The Adjust Levels Guided Edit

      52
    • The Fix Keystone Guided Edit

      52
    • The Enhance Colors Guided Edit

      52
    • The Remove a Color Cast Guided Edit

      52
    • The Correct Skin Tone Guided Edit

      53
    • The Touch Up Photo Guided Edit

      53
    • The “Guide for Editing a Photo” Guided Edit

      53
    • The Photomerge Group Shot Guided Edit

      53
    • The Photomerge Faces Guided Edit

      53
    • The Photomerge Scene Cleaner Guided Edit

      53
    • The Photomerge Exposure Guided Edit

      53
    • The Automated Actions Guided Edit

      53
      • Install actions created in Photoshop

        54
    • The Line Drawing Guided Edit

      54
    • The Old Fashioned Photo Guided Edit

      54
    • The Saturated Slide Film Effect Guided Edit

      54
• Chapter 5: Using layers

  55
  • Creating layers

    55
    • Understanding layers

      55
    • About the Layers panel

      56
    • Adding layers

      57
    • Create and name a new blank layer

      57
    • Create a new layer from part of another layer

      58
    • Convert the Background layer into a regular layer

      58
    • Make a layer the Background layer

      59
  • Editing layers

    59
    • Select a layer

      59
    • Show or hide a layer

      59
    • Resize or hide layer thumbnails

      60
    • Lock or unlock a layer

      60
    • Rename a layer

      60
    • Simplify a layer

      61
    • Delete a layer

      61
    • Sample color from all visible layers

      61
  • Copying and arranging layers

    62
    • Duplicate a layer within an image

      62
    • Duplicate one or more layers in another image

      62
    • Copy a layer from one image to another

      62
    • Move the content in a layer

      63
    • Change the stacking order of layers

      64
    • Link and unlink layers

      64
    • Merge layers

      65
    • Merge layers into another layer

      66
    • Flatten an image

      66
  • Opacity and blending modes

    66
    • About opacity and blending options in layers

      66
    • Specify the opacity of a layer

      67
    • Specify a blending mode for a layer

      67
    • Select all opaque areas in a layer

      68
    • Customize the transparency grid

      68
  • Adjustment and fill layers

    68
    • About adjustment and fill layers

      68
    • Create adjustment layers

      69
    • Create fill layers

      70
    • Edit an adjustment or fill layer

      71
    • Merging adjustment layers

      71
    • Edit the layer masks

      71
  • Layer masks

    73
    • About layer clipping masks

      73
    • Create a clipping mask

      73
    • Remove a layer from a clipping mask

      74
    • Release clipping masks

      74
  • Layer styles

    74
    • About layer styles

      74
    • Work with layer styles

      75
• Chapter 6: Camera raw files

  78
  • Processing camera raw image files

    78
    • About camera raw image files

      78
    • Open and process camera raw files

      79
    • Adjust sharpness in camera raw files

      80
    • Reducing noise in camera raw images

      80
    • Save changes to camera raw images

      81
    • Open a camera raw image

      81
  • Settings and controls

    81
    • Camera raw controls

      81
    • Set custom camera settings

      82
  • Color and camera raw

    82
    • Using the histogram and RGB values in camera raw

      82
    • White balance controls for camera raw

      83
    • Tonal and image adjustments in camera raw files

      84
• Chapter 7: Selecting parts of an image

  86
  • Making selections

    86
    • About selections

      86
    • About the selection tools

      87
    • Use the Rectangular and Elliptical Marquee tools

      87
    • Use the Lasso tool

      88
    • Use the Polygonal Lasso tool

      88
    • Use the Magnetic Lasso tool

      89
    • Use the Magic Wand tool

      90
    • Use the Quick Selection tool

      91
    • Use the Selection Brush tool

      91
    • Use the Magic Extractor

      92
    • Delete a selected area

      94
    • Select and deselect areas using commands

      94
  • Modifying selections

    95
    • Move a selection border

      95
    • Invert a selection

      95
    • Add to or subtract from a selection

      95
    • Select an area that intersects an existing selection

      96
    • Expand or contract a selection by a specific number of pixels

      96
    • Frame an existing selection with a new selection border

      96
    • Include areas of similar color in a selection

      97
    • Remove stray pixels from a color-based selection

      97
    • Defringe a selection

      98
  • Smoothing selection edges with anti-aliasing and feathering

    99
    • Smooth the edges of a selection by anti-aliasing

      99
    • Blur the edges of a selection by feathering

      99
    • Define a feathered edge for a selection tool

      99
    • Define a feathered edge for an existing selection

      99
  • Moving and copying selections

    100
    • Move a selection

      100
      • Move tool options

        100
    • Copying selections or layers

      101
    • Copy selections with the Move tool

      101
    • Copy a selection using commands

      101
    • Paste one selection into another

      101
  • Saving selections

    102
    • Save, load, or delete a selection

      102
    • Modify a saved selection

      103
    • Modify a new selection with a saved selection

      104
• Chapter 8: Color and tonal correction

  105
  • Color and tonal correction basics

    105
    • Color correction overview

      105
    • Correct color in Quick Fix

      105
      • Quick Fix preview

        106
      • Fix photos with Touch Up buttons in the Quick Fix Tools panel

        108
      • Quick Fix and Editor options

        109
    • Correcting color in Full Edit

      109
    • Automatically correct lighting and color

      111
    • About histograms

      111
    • View a histogram

      113
  • Adjusting shadows and light

    114
    • Adjust color and tonality using the Smart Brush tools

      114
    • Apply the Smart Brush tools

      115
      • Modify Smart Brush tool correction settings

        116
      • Change the Smart Brush tool correction preset

        116
      • Delete a Smart Brush tool correction

        116
      • Smart Brush pop-up panel

        116
    • About Levels adjustments

      116
    • Improve shadow and highlight detail

      117
    • Adjust shadows and brightness using Levels

      118
    • Adjust brightness and contrast in selected areas

      119
    • Quickly lighten or darken isolated areas

      120
    • Quickly saturate or desaturate isolated areas

      121
  • Correcting color casts

    121
    • Correct color casts by comparing variations of an image

      121
    • Remove a color cast automatically

      123
    • Remove a color cast using Levels

      123
    • Adjust color curves

      124
  • Adjusting color saturation and hue

    125
    • Adjust saturation and hue

      125
    • Adjust the color of skin tone

      127
    • Adjust saturation in isolated areas

      128
    • Change the color of an object

      128
    • Precisely convert to black and white

      129
    • Automatically convert to black and white

      130
    • Add custom presets for black and white conversion

      130
    • Add color to a grayscale image

      130
  • Adjustment filters

    131
    • Apply the Equalize filter

      131
    • Apply the Gradient Map filter

      131
    • Apply the Invert filter

      132
    • Apply the Posterize filter

      132
    • Apply the Threshold filter

      133
    • Apply the Photo filter

      134
  • Setting press target values

    135
    • Setting target values for print

      135
    • Set press target values for images without specular highlights

      136
    • Set press target values for images with specular highlights

      136
• Chapter 9: Cropping, resizing, retouching, and transforming photos

  138
  • Cropping

    138
    • Crop an image

      138
    • Crop to a selection boundary

      139
    • Use the Cookie Cutter tool

      140
    • Change the size of the canvas

      140
    • Straighten an image

      141
    • Divide a scanned image containing multiple photos

      142
  • Image size and resolution

    143
    • About image size and resolution

      143
    • About printer resolution

      143
    • About monitor resolution

      144
    • Display the image size of an open file

      144
    • View the print size on-screen

      144
    • Change print dimensions and resolution without resampling

      144
    • Resample an image

      145
  • Retouching

    146
    • Precisely remove red eye

      146
    • Remove spots and small imperfections

      147
    • Fix large imperfections

      147
    • Clone images or areas in an image

      148
    • Replace colors in an image

      150
    • Blur or soften edges

      150
    • Correct camera distortion

      151
    • Use Photomerge Group Shot

      153
    • Use Photomerge Faces

      154
    • Use Photomerge Scene Cleaner

      155
    • Photomerge Exposure

      157
      • Automatic Photomerge Exposure

        158
      • Manual Photomerge Exposure

        158
  • Sharpening

    159
    • Sharpening overview

      159
    • Sharpen an image

      159
    • Use the Unsharp Mask filter

      161
  • Transforming

    162
    • Rotate or flip an item

      162
    • Freely rotate an item

      163
    • Scale an item

      164
    • Skew or distort an item

      164
    • Apply perspective to an item

      165
    • Freely transform an item

      165
    • Apply a transformation to a Background layer

      166
  • Recomposing

    166
    • Recompose a photo in Guided Edit

      167
    • Recompose a photo in Full Edit

      168
    • Recompose a photo in a photo project

      169
    • Recompose options

      169
• Chapter 10: Understanding color

  170
  • Understanding color

    170
    • About color

      170
    • HSB model

      170
    • RGB model

      171
    • Color wheel

      171
  • Using image modes and color tables

    172
    • About image modes

      172
    • Convert an image to bitmap mode

      173
    • Convert a bitmap-mode image to grayscale

      174
    • Convert an image to indexed color

      174
    • Edit colors in an indexed-color table

      176
    • Assign transparency to a single color in an indexed-color table

      176
    • Use a predefined indexed-color table

      176
    • Save or load an indexed-color table

      176
  • Setting up color management

    177
    • About color management

      177
      • Profiling devices

        178
      • Color management tasks

        178
    • Set up color management

      178
• Chapter 11: Filters, effects, styles, and artwork

  179
  • Effects

    179
    • Using the Effects panel

      179
    • Using the Content panel

      179
    • Add stylized shapes or graphics to an image

      180
    • Add an artistic background to an image

      181
    • Add a frame or theme to an image

      181
    • About photo effects

      182
    • Apply an effect

      182
    • Add stylized text to an image

      183
    • Add artwork or effects to Favorites

      184
  • Filters

    184
    • About filters

      184
    • Apply a filter

      185
    • Filter categories

      186
    • Filter Gallery

      187
    • Texture and glass surface options

      188
    • Improve performance with filters and effects

      188
  • Artistic filters

    189
    • Colored Pencil

      189
    • Cutout

      189
    • Dry Brush

      189
    • Film Grain

      189
    • Fresco

      189
    • Neon Glow

      189
    • Paint Daubs

      190
    • Panel Knife

      190
    • Plastic Wrap

      190
    • Poster Edges

      190
    • Rough Pastels

      190
    • Smudge Stick

      190
    • Sponge

      190
    • Underpainting

      190
    • Watercolor

      190
  • Blur filters

    191
    • Average

      191
    • Blur and Blur More

      191
    • Gaussian Blur

      191
    • Motion Blur

      191
    • Radial Blur

      192
    • Smart Blur

      192
    • Surface Blur

      192
  • Brush Stroke filters

    192
    • Accented Edges

      192
    • Angled Strokes

      192
    • Crosshatch

      192
    • Dark Strokes

      192
    • Ink Outlines

      193
    • Spatter

      193
    • Sprayed Strokes

      193
    • Sumi-e

      193
  • Distort filters

    193
    • Diffuse Glow

      193
    • Displace

      193
    • Glass

      194
    • Liquify

      194
    • Ocean Ripple

      195
    • Pinch

      195
      • Apply the Pinch filter

        195
    • Polar Coordinates

      195
    • Ripple

      195
    • Shear

      196
    • Spherize

      196
      • Apply the Spherize filter

        196
    • Twirl

      196
    • Wave

      196
      • Apply the Wave filter

        197
    • ZigZag

      197
      • Apply the ZigZag filter

        197
  • Noise filters

    198
    • Add Noise

      198
    • Despeckle

      198
    • Dust & Scratches

      198
    • Median

      198
    • Reduce Noise

      198
  • Pixelate filters

    199
    • Color Halftone

      199
      • Apply the Color Halftone filter

        199
    • Crystalize

      199
    • Facet

      199
    • Fragment

      199
    • Mezzotint

      199
    • Mosaic

      199
    • Pointillize

      200
  • Render filters

    200
    • Clouds

      200
    • Difference Clouds

      200
    • Fibers

      200
    • Lens Flare

      200
    • Lighting Effects

      200
      • Apply the Lighting Effects filter

        200
      • Adjust a light

        202
    • Texture Fill

      202
  • Sketch filters

    203
    • Bas Relief

      203
    • Chalk & Charcoal

      203
    • Charcoal

      203
    • Chrome

      203
    • Conté Crayon

      203
    • Graphic Pen

      203
    • Halftone Pattern

      203
    • Note Paper

      204
    • Photocopy

      204
    • Plaster

      204
    • Reticulation

      204
    • Stamp

      204
    • Torn Edges

      204
    • Water Paper

      204
  • Stylize filters

    204
    • Diffuse

      204
    • Emboss

      205
    • Extrude

      205
      • Apply the Extrude filter

        205
    • Find Edges

      205
    • Glowing Edges

      205
    • Solarize

      205
    • Tiles

      206
    • Trace Contour

      206
    • Wind

      206
  • Texture filters

    206
    • Craquelure

      206
    • Grain

      206
    • Mosaic Tiles

      206
    • Patchwork

      206
    • Stained Glass

      206
    • Texturizer

      207
  • Video filters

    207
    • De-Interlace

      207
    • NTSC Colors

      207
  • Other filters

    207
    • High Pass

      207
    • Maximum and Minimum

      207
    • Offset

      207
    • Custom filters

      207
      • Apply a Custom filter

        208
    • Plug-in filters

      208
    • Digimarc filter

      208
      • Detect the Digimarc filter

        209
• Chapter 12: Painting

  210
  • Painting overview

    210
    • About painting tools

      210
    • About foreground and background colors

      211
    • About blending modes

      211
    • Web-safe colors

      214
  • Choosing colors

    214
    • Choose a color with the Eyedropper tool

      214
    • Choose a color from the toolbox

      215
    • Use the Color Swatches panel

      216
    • Use the Adobe Color Picker

      217
  • Painting tools

    218
    • Use the Brush tool

      218
    • Use the Pencil tool

      219
    • Use the Impressionist Brush tool

      220
    • Smart Brush tools

      221
    • Use the Smudge tool

      221
    • Use the Eraser tool

      222
    • Use the Magic Eraser tool

      222
    • Use the Background Eraser tool

      224
  • Setting up brushes

    225
    • About brush options

      225
    • Add a new brush to the brush library

      227
    • Delete a brush

      227
    • Create a custom brush shape from an image

      227
    • Set up pressure-sensitive tablet support

      228
  • Fills and strokes

    229
    • Use the Paint Bucket tool

      229
    • Fill a layer with a color or pattern

      229
    • Stroke (outline) objects on a layer

      230
  • Patterns

    230
    • About patterns

      230
    • Use the Pattern Stamp tool

      231
    • Add a custom pattern to the pattern picker

      232
    • Use a preset pattern from the PostScript Patterns folder

      232
  • Gradients

    232
    • About gradients

      232
    • Apply a gradient

      233
    • Apply gradient fill to text

      234
    • Define a gradient

      234
    • Specify gradient transparency

      235
    • Create a noise gradient

      236
  • Presets and libraries

    236
    • About presets

      236
    • Use preset tool options

      237
    • Change the display of items in a pop-up panel menu

      238
    • Use the Preset Manager

      238
    • Rename a preset

      239
• Chapter 13: Adding text and shapes

  240
  • Add and edit text

    240
    • About text

      240
    • Add text

      240
      • Type tool options

        241
    • Edit type in a type layer

      242
    • Align text

      242
    • Select characters

      242
    • Choose a font family and style

      243
    • Choose a font size

      243
    • Change text color

      244
    • Create and use masked type

      244
    • Warp type

      245
      • Unwarp type

        245
    • Change the orientation of a type layer

      245
  • Work with Asian type

    246
    • Display Asian type options

      246
    • Reduce spacing between Asian characters

      246
    • Turn on or turn off tate-chuu-yoko

      246
    • Turn on or turn off mojikumi

      247
  • Creating shapes

    247
    • About shapes

      247
    • Draw a rectangle, square, or rounded rectangle

      248
    • Draw a circle or ellipse

      248
    • Draw a multisided shape

      249
    • Draw a line or arrow

      249
    • Draw a custom shape

      250
    • Create multiple shapes in the same layer

      250
  • Editing shapes

    251
    • Select or move a shape

      251
    • Transform a shape

      251
    • Change the color of all shapes in a layer

      251
    • Apply a layer style to a shape

      251
• Chapter 14: Making projects

  253
  • Projects overview

    253
    • About projects

      253
    • Find saved projects

      253
    • Open saved projects

      253
  • Making photo projects

    253
    • About photo projects

      253
    • Using the photo projects dialog box

      254
    • About photo collages

      256
    • About Photo Books

      256
    • About greeting cards

      257
    • About CD and DVD jackets

      257
    • About CD and DVD labels

      257
  • Make a photo collage, greeting card, or other projects

    258
  • Editing photo projects

    259
    • About photo projects edits

      259
    • Add images to a photo project

      259
    • Add new pages to a photo project

      259
    • Reposition or resize photos in a photo project

      260
    • Replace or remove photos in a photo project

      260
    • Rotate photos in a photo project

      261
    • Edit photo project pages in Photoshop CS4

      261
  • Making digital projects

    262
    • About digital projects

      262
    • Create a photo book

      262
    • Create a Web Photo Gallery

      262
  • Creating slide shows

    263
    • About slide shows

      263
    • Adjust the display time of a slide

      263
  • Stitching together panoramas

    263
    • Creating Photomerge panoramas

      263
    • Create a Photomerge panorama composition

      264
    • Use the Photomerge dialog box

      264
    • Change the vanishing point

      265
    • Reduce distortion and inconsistent color

      266
• Chapter 15: Optimizing for the web

  267
  • Optimizing images

    267
    • About optimizing

      267
    • Using the Save For Web dialog box

      267
    • Optimized file formats for the web

      268
      • About the JPEG format

        269
      • About the GIF format

        270
      • About the PNG-8 format

        270
      • About the PNG-24 format

        271
      • About animated GIFs

        271
    • Apply a preset optimization setting

      272
    • Optimize as JPEG

      272
    • Optimize as GIF or PNG-8 format

      273
    • Optimize as PNG-24

      274
    • Create an animated GIF

      274
  • Using transparency and mattes

    275
    • About transparent and matted web images

      275
    • Preserve background transparency in a GIF or PNG image

      276
    • Create a matted GIF or PNG image

      276
    • Create hard-edged transparency in a GIF or PNG-8 file

      277
    • Create a matted JPEG image

      277
  • Dithering in web images

    277
    • About dithering

      277
    • Control dither in web images

      278
    • Preview dither

      278
  • Previewing web images

    279
    • Preview an optimized image in a web browser

      279
      • Add a browser to the Preview In menu

        279
    • View estimated download time

      279
    • Preview variations in color display

      280
    • Preview an animation

      280
• Chapter 16: Printing and sharing photos

  281
  • Printing photos

    281
    • Printing overview

      281
    • Print photos

      281
      • More options for printing

        281
      • Scale an image in the Print dialog box

        282
      • Reposition an image

        283
    • Use Photo Prints

      283
    • Print multilayer images

      283
    • Print a contact sheet

      283
    • Print a picture package

      284
  • Options for printing and sharing

    285
    • Print options

      285
      • Set page and printer options

        285
      • Specify measurement units for printing

        285
  • Sharing photos

    285
    • Sending photos by e-mail

      285
    • Send photos by e-mail

      286
    • Set e-mail preferences

      286
    • Burn media files to CD/DVD

      286
• Chapter 17: Keyboard shortcuts

  287
  • Shortcuts

    287
    • Keys for viewing images (Full Edit)

      287
    • Keys for selecting tools

      287
    • Keys for selecting and moving objects

      289
    • Keys for the Magic Extractor dialog box

      290
    • Keys for transforming selections

      290
    • Keys for painting and brushes

      290
    • Keys for using text

      291
    • Keys for the Layers panel

      292
    • Keys for using blending modes

      292
    • Keys for the Info panel

      293
    • Keys for the Color Swatches panel

      293
    • Keys for the Filter Gallery

      294
    • Keys for the Liquify filter

      294
    • Keys for using Photomerge Panorama

      294
    • Keys for the Camera Raw dialog box

      295
• Chapter 18: Glossary

  296
  • Find definitions for terms

    296
  • Digital imaging terms

    296
    • A

      296
    • B

      297
    • C

      298
    • D

      300
    • E

      300
    • F

      301
    • G

      301
    • H

      302
    • I

      302
    • J

      303
    • K

      303
    • L

      303
    • M

      303
    • N

      304
    • O

      304
    • P

      304
    • Q

      306
    • R

      306
    • S

      306
    • T

      308
    • U

      309
    • V

      309
    • W

      309
    • Z

      309