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Appendix
Financial Calculation Formulas
TVM solver
PMT, PV, FV, N
Error
I/Y
If PMT = 0 then
If N = 1 then
If PMT ≠ 0 or N ≠ 1 then fi nd i using the fol-
lowing equations:
+
Error
i≤ –1
Amortization calculations
Calculations 
(for PV, PMT, and i, see the TVM solver)
END  INT(1) = ROUND(–PV × i)
BGN  INT(1) = 0
PRN(1) = –INT(1) + ROUND(PMT)
BAL(1) = PRN(1) + PV
INT(m) = ROUND(–BAL(m – 1) × i)
PRN(m) = –INT(m) + ROUND(PMT)
BAL(m) = PRN(m) + BAL(m – 1)
ROUND(NUM): If a display notation tab 
setting has been chosen, NUM is rounded and 
truncated to the specifi ed number of places 
after the decimal point.
Results
     
Error
AMRT P1 > AMRT P2
Discounted cash fl ow 
analysis
m
m
 
 
CF
where i = 
RATE(I/Y)
100
, CFimax = the maxi-
mum data set number 
IRR is obtained as i, which satisfi es NPV = 0 
in the above equations.
Appendix.indd   72
Appendix.indd   72
06.7.10   8:41:48 PM
06.7.10   8:41:48 PM