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•  wide-area networks (WANs):  The computers are farther apart and are 

connected by telephone lines or radio waves.  

•  campus-area networks (CANs):  The computers are within a limited 

geographic area, such as a campus or military base.  

•  metropolitan-area networks MANs):  A data network designed for a town or 

city.  

•  home-area networks (HANs):  A network contained within a user's home 

that connects a person's digital devices. 

  
In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize 
different types of networks:  

•  topology:  The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common 

topologies include a bus, star, and ring.  See the Network topology 
diagrams in the Quick Reference section.  

•  protocol:  The protocol defines a common set of rules and signals that 

computers on the network use to communicate.  One of the most popular 
protocols for LANs is called Ethernet.  Another popular LAN protocol for 
PCs is the IBM token-ring network .  

•  architecture:  Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-

peer or client/server architecture.  

 
Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes.  Computers and devices 
that allocate resources for a network are called servers.  
 
Network cross-over cable:  A specially designed cable tin which the receive and 
transmit lines (input and output) are crossed.  Used to connect two computers 
together or hubs.  Also called a null modem cable using either RS-232 port 
connectors or RJ-45 connectors. 
 
Network interface card:  Often abbreviated as NIC, an expansion board you 
insert into a computer so the computer can be connected to a network.  Most NICs 
are designed for a particular type of network, protocol, and media, although some 
can serve multiple networks.  
 
Null-modem cable:  A specially designed cable that allows you to connect two 
computers directly to each other via their communications ports (RS-232 ports).  
Null modems are particularly useful with portable computers because they enable 
the portable computer to exchange data with a larger system. 
 
Protocol:  An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices.  The 
protocol determines the following:  

•  the type of error checking to be used  

•  data compression method, if any  

•  how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message  

•  how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message  

 

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