用户手册 — Microchip Technology SW006021-2

目录

• MPLAB XC8 C Compiler User's Guide

  1
• Table of Contents

  3
• Preface

  7
  • Introduction

    7
  • Document Layout

    7
  • Conventions Used in this Guide

    8
    • Documentation Conventions

      8
  • Warranty Registration

    8
  • Recommended Reading

    8
  • The Microchip Web Site

    9
  • Development Systems Customer Change Notification Service

    9
  • Customer Support

    10
  • Document Revision History

    10
• Chapter 1. Compiler Overview

  11
  • 1.1 Introduction

    11
  • 1.2 Compiler Description and Documentation

    11
    • 1.2.1 Conventions

      11
  • 1.3 Device Description

    12
• Chapter 2. Common C Interface

  13
  • 2.1 Introduction

    13
  • 2.2 Background – The Desire for Portable Code

    13
    • 2.2.1 The ANSI Standard

      14
    • 2.2.2 The Common C Interface

      15
  • 2.3 Using the CCI

    16
  • 2.4 ANSI Standard Refinement

    17
    • 2.4.1 Source File Encoding

      17
      • 2.4.1.1 Example

        17
      • 2.4.1.2 Differences

        17
      • 2.4.1.3 Migration to the CCI

        17
    • 2.4.2 The Prototype for main

      17
      • 2.4.2.1 Example

        17
      • 2.4.2.2 Differences

        17
      • 2.4.2.3 Migration to the CCI

        17
    • 2.4.3 Header File Specification

      17
      • 2.4.3.1 Example

        17
      • 2.4.3.2 Differences

        18
      • 2.4.3.3 Migration to the CCI

        18
    • 2.4.4 Include Search Paths

      18
      • 2.4.4.1 Example

        18
      • 2.4.4.2 Differences

        18
      • 2.4.4.3 Migration to the CCI

        18
    • 2.4.5 The Number of Significant Initial Characters in an Identifier

      19
      • 2.4.5.1 Example

        19
      • 2.4.5.2 Differences

        19
      • 2.4.5.3 Migration to the CCI

        19
    • 2.4.6 Sizes of Types

      19
      • 2.4.6.1 Example

        19
      • 2.4.6.2 Differences

        19
      • 2.4.6.3 Migration to the CCI

        19
    • 2.4.7 Plain char Types

      20
      • 2.4.7.1 Example

        20
      • 2.4.7.2 Differences

        20
      • 2.4.7.3 Migration to the CCI

        20
    • 2.4.8 Signed Integer Representation

      20
      • 2.4.8.1 Example

        20
      • 2.4.8.2 Differences

        20
      • 2.4.8.3 Migration to the CCI

        20
    • 2.4.9 Integer conversion

      21
      • 2.4.9.1 Example

        21
      • 2.4.9.2 Differences

        21
      • 2.4.9.3 Migration to the CCI

        21
    • 2.4.10 Bit-wise Operations on Signed Values

      21
      • 2.4.10.1 Example

        21
      • 2.4.10.2 Differences

        21
      • 2.4.10.3 Migration to the CCI

        21
    • 2.4.11 Right-shifting Signed Values

      21
      • 2.4.11.1 Example

        21
      • 2.4.11.2 Differences

        22
      • 2.4.11.3 Migration to the CCI

        22
    • 2.4.12 Conversion of Union Member Accessed Using Member With Different Type

      22
      • 2.4.12.1 Example

        22
      • 2.4.12.2 Differences

        22
      • 2.4.12.3 Migration to the CCI

        22
    • 2.4.13 Default Bit-field int Type

      22
      • 2.4.13.1 Example

        22
      • 2.4.13.2 Differences

        23
      • 2.4.13.3 Migration to the CCI

        23
    • 2.4.14 Bit-fields Straddling a Storage Unit Boundary

      23
      • 2.4.14.1 Example

        23
      • 2.4.14.2 Differences

        23
      • 2.4.14.3 Migration to the CCI

        23
    • 2.4.15 The Allocation Order of Bits-field

      23
      • 2.4.15.1 Example

        24
      • 2.4.15.2 Differences

        24
      • 2.4.15.3 Migration to the CCI

        24
    • 2.4.16 The NULL macro

      24
      • 2.4.16.1 Example

        24
      • 2.4.16.2 Differences

        24
      • 2.4.16.3 Migration to the CCI

        24
    • 2.4.17 Floating-point sizes

      24
      • 2.4.17.1 Example

        24
      • 2.4.17.2 Differences

        24
      • 2.4.17.3 Migration to the CCI

        24
  • 2.5 ANSI Standard Extensions

    25
    • 2.5.1 Generic Header File

      25
      • 2.5.1.1 Example

        25
      • 2.5.1.2 Differences

        25
      • 2.5.1.3 Migration to the CCI

        25
    • 2.5.2 Absolute addressing

      25
      • 2.5.2.1 Example

        25
      • 2.5.2.2 Differences

        25
      • 2.5.2.3 Migration to the CCI

        26
      • 2.5.2.4 Caveats

        26
    • 2.5.3 Far Objects and Functions

      26
      • 2.5.3.1 Example

        26
      • 2.5.3.2 Differences

        26
      • 2.5.3.3 Migration to the CCI

        27
      • 2.5.3.4 Caveats

        27
    • 2.5.4 Near Objects

      27
      • 2.5.4.1 Example

        27
      • 2.5.4.2 Differences

        27
      • 2.5.4.3 Migration to the CCI

        28
      • 2.5.4.4 Caveats

        28
    • 2.5.5 Persistent Objects

      28
      • 2.5.5.1 Example

        28
      • 2.5.5.2 Differences

        28
      • 2.5.5.3 Migration to the CCI

        28
      • 2.5.5.4 Caveats

        28
    • 2.5.6 X and Y Data Objects

      29
      • 2.5.6.1 Example

        29
      • 2.5.6.2 Differences

        29
      • 2.5.6.3 Migration to the CCI

        29
      • 2.5.6.4 Caveats

        29
    • 2.5.7 Banked Data Objects

      29
      • 2.5.7.1 Example

        29
      • 2.5.7.2 Differences

        30
      • 2.5.7.3 Migration to the CCI

        30
      • 2.5.7.4 Caveats

        30
    • 2.5.8 Alignment of Objects

      30
      • 2.5.8.1 Example

        30
      • 2.5.8.2 Differences

        30
      • 2.5.8.3 Migration to the CCI

        30
      • 2.5.8.4 Caveats

        30
    • 2.5.9 EEPROM Objects

      31
      • 2.5.9.1 Example

        31
      • 2.5.9.2 Differences

        31
      • 2.5.9.3 Migration to the CCI

        31
      • 2.5.9.4 Caveats

        31
    • 2.5.10 Interrupt Functions

      31
      • 2.5.10.1 Example

        32
      • 2.5.10.2 Differences

        32
      • 2.5.10.3 Migration to the CCI

        32
      • 2.5.10.4 Caveats

        33
    • 2.5.11 Packing Objects

      33
      • 2.5.11.1 Example

        33
      • 2.5.11.2 Differences

        33
      • 2.5.11.3 Migration to the CCI

        34
      • 2.5.11.4 Caveats

        34
    • 2.5.12 Indicating Antiquated Objects

      34
      • 2.5.12.1 Example

        34
      • 2.5.12.2 Differences

        34
      • 2.5.12.3 Migration to the CCI

        34
      • 2.5.12.4 Caveats

        34
    • 2.5.13 Assigning Objects to Sections

      35
      • 2.5.13.1 Example

        35
      • 2.5.13.2 Differences

        35
      • 2.5.13.3 Migration to the CCI

        35
      • 2.5.13.4 Caveats

        36
    • 2.5.14 Specifying Configuration Bits

      36
      • 2.5.14.1 Example

        36
      • 2.5.14.2 Differences

        36
      • 2.5.14.3 Migration to the CCI

        36
      • 2.5.14.4 Caveats

        36
    • 2.5.15 Manifest Macros

      36
      • Table 2-1: Manifest macros defined by the CCI

        36
      • 2.5.15.1 Example

        37
      • 2.5.15.2 Differences

        37
      • 2.5.15.3 Migration to the CCI

        37
      • 2.5.15.4 Caveats

        37
    • 2.5.16 In-line Assembly

      38
      • 2.5.16.1 Example

        38
      • 2.5.16.2 Differences

        38
      • 2.5.16.3 Migration to the CCI

        38
      • 2.5.16.4 Caveats

        38
  • 2.6 Compiler Features

    39
    • 2.6.1 Enabling the CCI

      39
      • 2.6.1.1 Differences

        39
      • 2.6.1.2 Migration to the CCI

        39
      • 2.6.1.3 Caveats

        39
• Chapter 3. How To’s

  41
  • 3.1 Introduction

    41
  • 3.2 Installing and Activating the Compiler

    41
    • 3.2.1 How Do I Install and Activate My Compiler?

      41
    • 3.2.2 How Can I Tell if the Compiler has Activated Successfully?

      41
    • 3.2.3 Can I Install More Than One Version of the Same Compiler?

      42
  • 3.3 Invoking the Compiler

    43
    • 3.3.1 How Do I Compile from Within MPLAB X IDE?

      43
    • 3.3.2 How Do I Compile on the Command-line?

      43
    • 3.3.3 How Do I Compile Using a Make Utility?

      43
    • 3.3.4 How Can I Select Which Compiler I Want to Build With?

      44
    • 3.3.5 How Can I Change the Compiler's Operating Mode?

      44
    • 3.3.6 How Do I Build Libraries?

      44
    • 3.3.7 How Do I Know What Compiler Options Are Available and What They Do?

      45
    • 3.3.8 How Do I Know What the Build Options in MPLAB IDE do?

      45
    • 3.3.9 What is Different About an MPLAB IDE Debug Build?

      45
  • 3.4 Writing Source Code

    46
    • 3.4.1 C Language Specifics

      46
      • 3.4.1.1 When Should I Cast Expressions?

        46
      • 3.4.1.2 Can Implicit Type Conversions Change the Expected Results of My Expressions?

        47
      • 3.4.1.3 How Do I Enter Non-english Characters Into My Program?

        47
      • 3.4.1.4 How Can I Use a Variable Defined in Another Source File?

        47
    • 3.4.2 Device-Specific Features

      48
      • 3.4.2.1 How Do I Set the Configuration Bits?

        48
      • 3.4.2.2 How Do I Use the PIC’s ID Locations?

        48
      • 3.4.2.3 How Do I Determine the Cause of Reset on Mid-range Parts?

        48
      • 3.4.2.4 How Do I Access SFRs?

        48
      • 3.4.2.5 How Do I Find The Names Used to Represent SFRs and Bits?

        49
    • 3.4.3 Memory Allocation

      49
      • 3.4.3.1 How Do I Position Variables at an Address I Nominate?

        49
      • 3.4.3.2 How Do I Position Functions at an Address I Nominate?

        49
      • 3.4.3.3 How Do I Place Variables in Program Memory?

        50
      • 3.4.3.4 How Do I Stop the Compiler Using Certain Memory Locations?

        50
    • 3.4.4 Variables

      50
      • 3.4.4.1 Why Are My Floating-point Results Not Quite What I Am Expecting?

        50
      • 3.4.4.2 How Can I Access Individual Bits of a Variable?

        51
      • 3.4.4.3 How Long Can I Make My Variable and Macro Names?

        51
    • 3.4.5 Functions

      52
      • 3.4.5.1 What is the Optimum Size For Functions?

        52
      • 3.4.5.2 How Do I Stop An Unused Function Being Removed?

        52
      • 3.4.5.3 How Do I Make a Function Inline?

        52
    • 3.4.6 Interrupts

      53
      • 3.4.6.1 How Do I Use Interrupts in C?

        53
    • 3.4.7 Assembly Code

      53
      • 3.4.7.1 How Should I Combine Assembly and C Code?

        53
      • 3.4.7.2 What do I need Other than Instructions in an Assembly Source File?

        54
      • 3.4.7.3 How Do I Access C Objects from Assembly Code?

        54
      • 3.4.7.4 How Can I Access SFRs From Within Assembly Code?

        54
      • 3.4.7.5 What Things Must I Manage When Writing Assembly Code?

        54
  • 3.5 Getting My Application to Do What I Want

    56
    • 3.5.1 What Can Cause Glitches on Output Ports?

      56
    • 3.5.2 How Do I Link Bootloaders and Downloadable Applications?

      56
    • 3.5.3 What Do I Need to Do When Compiling to Use a Debugger?

      57
    • 3.5.4 How Can I Have Code Executed Straight After Reset?

      57
    • 3.5.5 How Do I Share Data Between Interrupt and Main-line Code?

      58
    • 3.5.6 How Can I Prevent Misuse of My Code?

      58
    • 3.5.7 How Do I Use Printf to Send Text to a Peripheral?

      58
    • 3.5.8 How Do I Calibrate the Oscillator on My Device?

      59
    • 3.5.9 How Do I Place Variables in The PIC18’s External Program Memory?

      59
    • 3.5.10 How Can I Implement a Delay in My Code?

      59
    • 3.5.11 How Can I Rotate a Variable?

      59
  • 3.6 Understanding the Compilation Process

    60
    • 3.6.1 What’s the Difference Between the Free, Standard and PRO Modes?

      60
    • 3.6.2 How Can I Make My Code Smaller?

      61
    • 3.6.3 How Can I Reduce RAM Usage?

      62
    • 3.6.4 How Can I Make My Code Faster?

      62
    • 3.6.5 How Does the Compiler Place Everything in Memory?

      62
    • 3.6.6 How Can I Make My Interrupt Routine Faster?

      63
    • 3.6.7 How Big Can C Variables Be?

      63
    • 3.6.8 What Optimizations Will Be Applied to My Code?

      63
    • 3.6.9 How Do I Utilize All the RAM Banks on My Device?

      63
    • 3.6.10 How Do I Utilize the Linear Memory on Enhanced Mid-range PIC Devices?

      64
    • 3.6.11 What Devices are Supported by the Compiler?

      64
    • 3.6.12 How Do I Know What Code the Compiler Is Producing?

      64
    • 3.6.13 How Can I Tell How Big a Function Is?

      64
    • 3.6.14 How Do I Know What Resources Are Being Used by Each Function?

      65
    • 3.6.15 How Do I Find Out Where Variables and Functions Have Been Positioned?

      65
    • 3.6.16 Why are some objects positioned into memory that I reserved?

      65
    • 3.6.17 How Do I Know How Much Memory Is Still Available?

      66
    • 3.6.18 How Do I Use Library Files In My Project?

      66
    • 3.6.19 What Optimizations Are Employed By The Compiler?

      66
    • 3.6.20 Why Do I Get Out-of-memory Errors When I Select a Debugger?

      66
  • 3.7 Fixing Code That Does Not Work

    67
    • 3.7.1 How Do I Find Out What an Warning/error Message Means?

      67
    • 3.7.2 How Do I Find the Code that Caused Compiler Errors Or Warnings in My Program?

      67
    • 3.7.3 How Can I Stop Spurious Warnings from Being Produced?

      68
    • 3.7.4 Why Can’t I Even Blink an LED?

      68
    • 3.7.5 How Do I Know If the Stack Has Overflowed?

      69
    • 3.7.6 How Do I Fix a "Can’t find space..." Error?

      69
    • 3.7.7 How Do I Fix a "Can’t generate code..." Error?

      69
    • 3.7.8 How Do I Fix a Fixup Overflow Error?

      70
    • 3.7.9 What Can Cause Corrupted Variables and Code Failure When Using Interrupts?

      70
• Chapter 4. XC8 Command-line Driver

  71
  • 4.1 Introduction

    71
  • 4.2 Invoking the Compiler

    72
    • 4.2.1 Driver Command-line Format

      72
      • 4.2.1.1 Long Command Lines

        72
    • 4.2.2 Environment Variables

      73
    • 4.2.3 Input File Types

      73
      • Table 4-1: xc8 Input File Types

        73
  • 4.3 The Compilation Sequence

    75
    • 4.3.1 The Compiler Applications

      75
      • Figure 4-1: Compiler Applications and Files

        75
      • Table 4-2: Compiler Application Names

        76
      • Figure 4-2: Multi-file Compilation

        77
    • 4.3.2 Single-Step Compilation

      77
      • Figure 4-3: The Traditional Compilation Sequence

        78
    • 4.3.3 Multi-Step Compilation

      79
    • 4.3.4 Compilation of Assembly Source

      80
      • Figure 4-4: Compilation Sequence with Assembly Files

        80
      • 4.3.4.1 Intermediate Files and Assembly Source

        80
    • 4.3.5 Printf Check

      80
  • 4.4 Runtime Files

    81
    • 4.4.1 Library Files

      81
      • 4.4.1.1 Standard Libraries

        81
      • 4.4.1.2 User-Defined libraries

        82
    • 4.4.2 Startup and Initialization

      82
  • 4.5 Compiler Output

    84
    • 4.5.1 Output Files

      84
      • 4.5.1.1 Symbol Files

        84
    • 4.5.2 Diagnostic Files

      85
  • 4.6 Compiler Messages

    86
    • 4.6.1 Messaging Overview

      86
    • 4.6.2 Message Language

      87
      • Table 4-3: Supported Languages

        87
    • 4.6.3 Message Type

      87
    • 4.6.4 Message Format

      88
      • Table 4-4: Messaging Environment Variables

        88
      • Table 4-5: Messaging Placeholders

        88
    • 4.6.5 Changing Message Behavior

      90
      • 4.6.5.1 Disabling Messages

        90
      • 4.6.5.2 Changing Message Types

        90
  • 4.7 XC8 Driver Options

    91
    • 4.7.0.1 General Option Formats

      91
    • 4.7.1 Default Options

      91
  • 4.8 Option Descriptions

    92
    • Table 4-6: Driver Options

      92
    • 4.8.1 -C: Compile to Object File

      93
    • 4.8.2 -D: Define Macro

      94
    • 4.8.3 -E: Redirect Compiler Errors to a File

      94
    • 4.8.4 -G: Generate Source-Level Symbol File

      95
    • 4.8.5 -I: Include Search Path

      95
    • 4.8.6 -L: Scan Library

      95
    • 4.8.7 -L-: Adjust Linker Options Directly

      96
    • 4.8.8 -M: Generate Map File

      96
    • 4.8.9 -N: Identifier Length

      97
    • 4.8.10 -O: Specify Output File

      97
    • 4.8.11 -P: Preprocess Assembly Files

      97
    • 4.8.12 -Q: Quiet Mode

      97
    • 4.8.13 -S: Compile to Assembler Code

      98
    • 4.8.14 -U: Undefine a Macro

      98
    • 4.8.15 -V: Verbose Compile

      98
    • 4.8.16 --ADDRQUAL: Set Compiler Response to Memory Qualifiers

      99
      • Table 4-7: Compiler Responses to Memory Qualifiers

        99
    • 4.8.17 --ASMLIST: Generate Assembler List Files

      99
    • 4.8.18 --CCI: Enforce and Expect CCI Conformance

      99
    • 4.8.19 --CHECKSUM: Calculate a Checksum

      100
    • 4.8.20 --CHIP: Define Device

      100
    • 4.8.21 --CHIPINFO: Display List of Supported Devices

      100
    • 4.8.22 --CODEOFFSET: Offset Program Code to Address

      101
    • 4.8.23 --DEBUGGER: Select Debugger Type

      101
      • Table 4-8: Selectable Debuggers

        101
    • 4.8.24 --DOUBLE: Select Kind of Double Types

      102
    • 4.8.25 --ECHO: Echo Command Line Before Processing

      102
    • 4.8.26 --EMI: Select External Memory Interface Operating Mode

      102
      • Table 4-9: External Memory Interface Modes

        102
    • 4.8.27 --ERRATA: Specify Errata Workarounds

      103
      • Table 4-10: Errata Workarounds

        103
    • 4.8.28 --ERRFORMAT: Define Format for Compiler Messages

      104
    • 4.8.29 --ERRORS: Maximum Number of Errors

      104
    • 4.8.30 --FILL: Fill Unused Program Memory

      104
    • 4.8.31 --FLOAT: Select Kind of Float Types

      105
      • Table 4-11: Floating-point Selections

        105
    • 4.8.32 --GETOPTION: Get Command-line Options

      105
    • 4.8.33 --HELP: Display Help

      105
    • 4.8.34 --HTML: Generate HTML Diagnostic Files

      106
    • 4.8.35 --LANG: Specify the Language for Messages

      106
      • Table 4-12: Supported Languages

        106
    • 4.8.36 --MEMMAP: Display Memory Map

      106
    • 4.8.37 --MODE: Choose Compiler Operating Mode

      106
    • 4.8.38 --MSGDISABLE: Disable Warning Messages

      107
    • 4.8.39 --MSGFORMAT: Set Advisory Message Format

      107
    • 4.8.40 --NODEL: Do Not Remove Temporary Files

      107
    • 4.8.41 --OBJDIR: Specify a Directory For Intermediate Files

      107
    • 4.8.42 --OPT: Invoke Compiler Optimizations

      108
      • Table 4-13: Optimization Options

        108
    • 4.8.43 --OUTDIR: Specify a Directory For Output Files

      108
    • 4.8.44 --OUTPUT= type: Specify Output File Type

      109
      • Table 4-14: Output File Formats

        109
    • 4.8.45 --PASS1: Compile to P-code

      109
    • 4.8.46 --PRE: Produce Preprocessed Source Code

      109
    • 4.8.47 --PROTO: Generate Prototypes

      110
    • 4.8.48 --RAM: Adjust RAM Ranges

      111
    • 4.8.49 --ROM: Adjust ROM Ranges

      112
    • 4.8.50 --RUNTIME: Specify Runtime Environment

      112
      • Table 4-15: Runtime environment suboptions

        113
    • 4.8.51 --SCANDEP: Scan for Dependencies

      114
    • 4.8.52 --SERIAL: Store a Value At This Program Memory Address

      114
    • 4.8.53 --SETOPTION: Set the Command-line Options For Application

      114
    • 4.8.54 --SHROUD: Obfuscate P-code Files

      114
    • 4.8.55 --STRICT: Strict ANSI Conformance

      115
    • 4.8.56 --SUMMARY: Select Memory Summary Output Type

      115
      • Table 4-16: Memory Summary Suboptions

        115
    • 4.8.57 --TIME: Report Time Taken For Each Phase of Build Process

      115
    • 4.8.58 --VER: Display the Compiler’s Version Information

      115
    • 4.8.59 --WARN: Set Warning Level

      116
    • 4.8.60 --WARNFORMAT: Set Warning Message Format

      116
  • 4.9 MPLAB IDE V8 Universal Toolsuite Equivalents

    117
    • 4.9.1 Directories Tab

      118
      • Figure 4-5: The Directories Tab

        118
    • 4.9.2 Compiler Tab

      119
      • Figure 4-6: The Compiler Tab

        119
    • 4.9.3 Linker Tab

      120
      • Figure 4-7: The Linker Tab

        120
    • 4.9.4 Global Tab

      122
      • Figure 4-8: The Global Tab

        122
  • 4.10 MPLAB X Universal Toolsuite Equivalents

    124
    • 4.10.1 Global Category

      124
      • Figure 4-9: Global Options

        124
    • 4.10.2 Compiler Category

      125
      • 4.10.2.1 Preprocessing and Messages

        125
        • Figure 4-10: Preprocessing and Messages Options

          125
      • 4.10.2.2 Optimization

        126
        • Figure 4-11: Optimizations Options

          126
        • Figure 4-12: e Compiler Category

          126
    • 4.10.3 Linker Category

      127
      • 4.10.3.1 Runtime

        127
        • Figure 4-13: Runtime Options

          127
      • 4.10.3.2 ReportING

        128
        • Figure 4-14: Reporting Options

          128
        • Figure 4-15: Additional Options

          128
      • 4.10.3.3 Additional

        129
• Chapter 5. C Language Features

  131
  • 5.1 Introduction

    131
  • 5.2 ANSI C Standard Issues

    131
    • 5.2.1 Divergence from the ANSI C Standard

      131
    • 5.2.2 Implementation-Defined behavior

      131
    • 5.2.3 Common Compiler Interface Standard

      132
  • 5.3 Device-Related Features

    133
    • 5.3.1 Device Support

      133
      • Figure 5-1: Showing Supported Devices

        133
    • 5.3.2 Instruction Set Support

      133
    • 5.3.3 Device Header Files

      134
    • 5.3.4 Stack

      134
    • 5.3.5 Configuration Bit Access

      135
      • 5.3.5.1 Legacy Support for PIC18 Devices

        136
      • 5.3.5.2 Configuration Considerations

        136
    • 5.3.6 Using SFRs From C Code

      137
      • 5.3.6.1 Special BaselinE/Mid-Range Register Issues

        138
      • 5.3.6.2 Special PIC18 Register Issues

        138
    • 5.3.7 ID Locations

      139
    • 5.3.8 Bit Instructions

      140
    • 5.3.9 Baseline PIC MCU Special Instructions

      140
      • 5.3.9.1 Oscillator Calibration Constants

        141
    • 5.3.10 REAL ICE Support

      142
  • 5.4 Supported Data Types and Variables

    143
    • 5.4.1 Identifiers

      143
    • 5.4.2 Integer Data Types

      143
      • Table 5-1: Integer Data Types

        143
      • Table 5-2: Ranges of Integer Type Values

        144
      • 5.4.2.1 Bit Data Types and Variables

        145
    • 5.4.3 Floating-Point Data Types

      146
      • Table 5-3: Floating-Point Data Types

        146
      • Table 5-4: Floating-Point Formats

        146
      • Table 5-5: Floating-Point Format Example IEEE 754

        147
      • Table 5-6: Ranges of Floating-Point Type Values

        148
    • 5.4.4 Structures and Unions

      149
      • 5.4.4.1 Structure and Union Qualifiers

        149
      • 5.4.4.2 Bit-Fields in Structures

        150
    • 5.4.5 Pointer Types

      152
      • 5.4.5.1 Combining Type Qualifiers and Pointers

        152
      • 5.4.5.2 Data Pointers

        153
      • 5.4.5.3 Function Pointers

        156
      • 5.4.5.4 Special Pointer Targets

        156
    • 5.4.6 Constant Types and Formats

      158
      • 5.4.6.1 Integral Constants

        158
        • Table 5-7: Radix Formats

          158
        • Table 5-8: Suffixes and Assigned Types

          158
      • 5.4.6.2 Floating-Point Constant

        159
      • 5.4.6.3 Character and String Constants

        160
    • 5.4.7 Standard Type Qualifiers

      161
      • 5.4.7.1 Const Type Qualifier

        161
      • 5.4.7.2 Volatile Type Qualifier

        161
    • 5.4.8 Special Type Qualifiers

      162
      • 5.4.8.1 Persistent Type Qualifier

        162
      • 5.4.8.2 Near Type Qualifier

        162
      • 5.4.8.3 Far Type Qualifier

        163
      • 5.4.8.4 Bank0, Bank1, Bank2 and Bank3 Type Qualifiers

        163
      • 5.4.8.5 Eeprom Type Qualifier

        164
  • 5.5 Memory Allocation and Access

    165
    • 5.5.1 Address Spaces

      165
    • 5.5.2 Variables in Data Space Memory

      165
      • 5.5.2.1 Non-Auto Variable Allocation

        166
      • 5.5.2.2 Auto Variable Allocation and access

        169
        • Figure 5-2: Formation of Call Graph

          170
        • Figure 5-3: Formation of the Compiled Stack

          171
      • 5.5.2.3 Size Limits of Auto Variables

        172
      • 5.5.2.4 Changing the Default Auto Variable Allocation

        172
    • 5.5.3 Variables in Program Space

      173
      • 5.5.3.1 Size Limitations of Const Variables

        174
      • 5.5.3.2 Changing the Default Allocation

        174
    • 5.5.4 Absolute Variables

      175
      • 5.5.4.1 Absolute Variables in Data Memory

        175
      • 5.5.4.2 Absolute Objects in Program Memory

        176
    • 5.5.5 Variables in EEPROM

      176
      • 5.5.5.1 EEPROM Initialization

        176
      • 5.5.5.2 EEPROM Access Functions

        177
      • 5.5.5.3 EEPROM Access Macros

        177
    • 5.5.6 Variables in Registers

      178
    • 5.5.7 Dynamic Memory Allocation

      178
    • 5.5.8 Memory Models

      178
  • 5.6 Operators and Statements

    179
    • 5.6.1 Integral Promotion

      179
    • 5.6.2 Rotation

      180
    • 5.6.3 Switch Statements

      180
  • 5.7 Register Usage

    181
    • Table 5-9: Registers Used by the Compiler

      181
  • 5.8 Functions

    182
    • 5.8.1 Function Specifiers

      182
      • 5.8.1.1 Interrupt Specifier

        182
      • 5.8.1.2 Inline Specifier

        182
    • 5.8.2 External Functions

      183
    • 5.8.3 Allocation of Executable Code

      183
    • 5.8.4 Changing the Default Function Allocation

      184
    • 5.8.5 Function Size Limits

      185
    • 5.8.6 Function Parameters

      185
    • 5.8.7 Function Return Values

      187
    • 5.8.8 Calling Functions

      187
      • 5.8.8.1 Bank Selection within Functions

        188
  • 5.9 Interrupts

    189
    • 5.9.1 Writing an Interrupt Service Routine

      189
    • 5.9.2 Specifying the Interrupt Vector

      190
    • 5.9.3 Context Switching

      191
      • 5.9.3.1 Context Saving on Interrupts

        191
      • 5.9.3.2 Context Restoration

        191
    • 5.9.4 Enabling Interrupts

      192
    • 5.9.5 Function Duplication

      192
      • 5.9.5.1 Disabling Duplication

        193
  • 5.10 Main, Runtime Startup and Reset

    194
    • 5.10.1 Runtime Startup Code

      194
      • Table 5-10: Significant Assembly Labels

        194
      • 5.10.1.1 Initialization of Objects

        195
      • 5.10.1.2 Clearing Objects

        195
      • 5.10.1.3 Oscillator Calibration

        196
      • 5.10.1.4 STATUS Register Preservation

        197
    • 5.10.2 The Powerup Routine

      197
  • 5.11 Library Routines

    198
    • 5.11.0.1 Using Library Routines

      198
    • 5.11.1 The printf Routine

      198
  • 5.12 Mixing C and Assembly Code

    200
    • 5.12.1 Integrating Assembly Language Modules

      200
    • 5.12.2 #asm, #endasm and asm()

      202
    • 5.12.3 Interaction Between Assembly and C Code

      203
      • 5.12.3.1 Equivalent Assembly Symbols

        204
      • 5.12.3.2 Accessing Registers from Assembly Code

        205
      • 5.12.3.3 Absolute Psects

        206
      • 5.12.3.4 Undefined Symbols

        207
  • 5.13 Optimizations

    208
  • 5.14 Preprocessing

    210
    • 5.14.1 C Language Comments

      210
    • 5.14.2 Preprocessor Directives

      210
      • Table 5-11: Preprocessor Directives

        211
    • 5.14.3 Predefined Macros

      212
      • Table 5-12: Predefined Macros (Continued)

        212
    • 5.14.4 Pragma Directives

      214
      • Table 5-13: Pragma directives

        214
      • 5.14.4.1 The #pragma addrqual Directive

        215
      • 5.14.4.2 The #pragma config Directive

        215
      • 5.14.4.3 The #pragma inline Directive

        215
      • 5.14.4.4 The #pragma Intrinsic Directive

        215
      • 5.14.4.5 The #pragma interrupt_level Directive

        215
      • 5.14.4.6 The #pragma pack Directive

        215
      • 5.14.4.7 The #pragma printf_check Directive

        216
      • 5.14.4.8 The #pragma psect Directive

        216
      • 5.14.4.9 The #pragma regsused Directive

        219
      • 5.14.4.10 The #pragma switch Directive

        219
        • Table 5-14: Switch types

          219
      • 5.14.4.11 The #pragma warning Directive

        220
  • 5.15 Linking Programs

    222
    • 5.15.1 Program Sections

      222
      • 5.15.1.1 An Analogy

        222
      • 5.15.1.2 The Compiler Equivalent

        223
        • Figure 5-4: The Warehouse and Compiler Side By Side

          223
        • Figure 5-5: A Typical Box Label

          224
        • Figure 5-6: The Section Directive as a Box Label

          224
      • 5.15.1.3 Sections at Work

        225
        • Table 5-15: Section Names For Our Simple Example

          226
      • 5.15.1.4 More Advanced Topics

        227
      • 5.15.1.5 More Advanced Sections at Work

        228
        • Table 5-16: Section Names For Our Extended Example

          228
      • 5.15.1.6 Explaining Common Linker Errors and Problems

        230
    • 5.15.2 Compiler-Generated Psects

      232
      • 5.15.2.1 Program Space Psects

        233
      • 5.15.2.2 Data Space Psects

        235
    • 5.15.3 Default Linker Classes

      236
      • 5.15.3.1 Program Memory Classes

        236
      • 5.15.3.2 Data Memory Classes

        237
      • 5.15.3.3 Miscellaneous Classes

        237
    • 5.15.4 Replacing Library Modules

      237
    • 5.15.5 Signature Checking

      238
    • 5.15.6 Linker-Defined Symbols

      239
• Chapter 6. Macro Assembler

  241
  • 6.1 Introduction

    241
  • 6.2 Assembler Usage

    241
  • 6.3 Options

    242
    • Table 6-1: ASPIC[18] Command-line Options

      242
    • 6.3.1 -A: Generate Assembly File

      242
    • 6.3.2 -C: Specify Chip Info File

      242
    • 6.3.3 -E: Specify Error Format/File

      243
    • 6.3.4 -F: Specify Page Length

      243
    • 6.3.5 -H: Print Hexadecimal Constant

      243
    • 6.3.6 -I: List Macro Expansions

      243
    • 6.3.7 -L: Generate an Assembly Listing

      243
    • 6.3.8 -O: Optimize Assembly

      243
    • 6.3.9 -O: Specify Output File

      244
    • 6.3.10 -T: Specify Listing Page Width

      244
    • 6.3.11 -V: Produce Assembly Debug Information

      244
    • 6.3.12 -VER:Specify Version Information

      244
    • 6.3.13 -X: Strip Local Symbols

      244
    • 6.3.14 --CHIP: Specify Device Name

      244
    • 6.3.15 --DISL: Disable Messages

      244
    • 6.3.16 --EDF: Set Message File Path

      245
    • 6.3.17 --EMAX: Specify Maximum Number of Errors

      245
    • 6.3.18 --OPT: Specify Optimization Type

      245
    • 6.3.19 --VER: Print Version Number

      245
  • 6.4 MPLAB XC8 Assembly Language

    246
    • 6.4.1 Assembly Instruction Deviations

      246
      • 6.4.1.1 Destination Location

        246
      • 6.4.1.2 Bank and Page Selection

        247
      • 6.4.1.3 Interrupt Return Mode

        247
      • 6.4.1.4 Long Jumps and Calls

        248
      • 6.4.1.5 Relative Branches

        248
    • 6.4.2 Statement Formats

      249
      • Table 6-2: ASPIC[18] Statement Formats

        249
    • 6.4.3 Characters

      249
      • 6.4.3.1 Delimiters

        249
      • 6.4.3.2 Special Characters

        249
    • 6.4.4 Comments

      249
      • 6.4.4.1 Special Comment Strings

        250
    • 6.4.5 Constants

      250
      • 6.4.5.1 Numeric Constants

        250
        • Table 6-3: ASPIC[18] numbers and bases

          250
      • 6.4.5.2 Character Constants and Strings

        250
    • 6.4.6 Identifiers

      251
      • 6.4.6.1 Significance of Identifiers

        251
      • 6.4.6.2 Assembler-Generated Identifiers

        251
      • 6.4.6.3 Location Counter

        251
      • 6.4.6.4 Register Symbols

        252
      • 6.4.6.5 Symbolic Labels

        252
    • 6.4.7 Expressions

      253
      • Table 6-4: ASPIC[18] Operators

        253
    • 6.4.8 Program Sections

      254
    • 6.4.9 Assembler Directives

      254
      • Table 6-5: ASPIC[18] Assembler Directives (Continued)

        254
      • 6.4.9.1 GLOBAL

        255
      • 6.4.9.2 END

        255
      • 6.4.9.3 PSECT

        256
        • Table 6-6: PSECT flags

          256
      • 6.4.9.4 ORG

        259
      • 6.4.9.5 EQU

        259
      • 6.4.9.6 SET

        259
      • 6.4.9.7 DB

        260
      • 6.4.9.8 DW

        260
      • 6.4.9.9 DDW

        260
      • 6.4.9.10 DS

        260
      • 6.4.9.11 DABS

        261
      • 6.4.9.12 IF, ELSIF, ELSE and ENDIF

        261
      • 6.4.9.13 MACRO and ENDM

        262
      • 6.4.9.14 LOCAL

        263
      • 6.4.9.15 ALIGN

        263
      • 6.4.9.16 REPT

        263
      • 6.4.9.17 IRP and IRPC

        264
      • 6.4.9.18 BANKSEL

        264
      • 6.4.9.19 PAGESEL

        264
      • 6.4.9.20 PROCESSOR

        264
      • 6.4.9.21 SIGNAT

        265
    • 6.4.10 Assembler Controls

      265
      • Table 6-7: ASPIC[18] Assembler Controls

        265
      • 6.4.10.1 ASMOPT_OFF and ASMOPT_ON

        266
      • 6.4.10.2 COND

        266
      • 6.4.10.3 EXPAND

        266
      • 6.4.10.4 INCLUDE

        266
      • 6.4.10.5 LIST

        266
        • Table 6-8: LIST control options

          266
      • 6.4.10.6 NOCOND

        267
      • 6.4.10.7 NOEXPAND

        267
      • 6.4.10.8 NOLIST

        267
      • 6.4.10.9 NOXREF

        267
      • 6.4.10.10 PAGE

        267
      • 6.4.10.11 SPACE

        267
      • 6.4.10.12 SUBTITLE

        267
      • 6.4.10.13 TITLE

        267
      • 6.4.10.14 XREF

        267
  • 6.5 Assembly-Level Optimizations

    268
  • 6.6 Assembly List Files

    269
    • 6.6.1 General Format

      269
      • Figure 6-1: General Form of Assembly Listing File

        269
    • 6.6.2 Psect Information

      270
    • 6.6.3 Function Information

      270
      • Figure 6-2: Function Information

        271
    • 6.6.4 Switch Statement Information

      272
      • Figure 6-3: Switch Statement Information

        272
    • 6.6.5 Pointer Reference Graph

      272
    • 6.6.6 Call Graph

      273
      • 6.6.6.1 These features are discussed below.

        273
        • Figure 6-4: Call Graph Form

          273
      • 6.6.6.2 Call GraPh Critical Paths

        275
• Chapter 7. Linker

  277
  • 7.1 Introduction

    277
  • 7.2 Operation

    277
    • Table 7-1: Linker Command-line Options (Continued)

      277
    • 7.2.1 -Aclass =low-high,...

      279
    • 7.2.2 -Cx

      279
    • 7.2.3 -Cpsect=class

      279
    • 7.2.4 -Dclass=delta

      279
    • 7.2.5 -Dsymfile

      279
    • 7.2.6 -Eerrfile

      279
    • 7.2.7 -F

      280
    • 7.2.8 -Gspec

      280
    • 7.2.9 -Hsymfile

      280
    • 7.2.10 -H+symfile

      280
    • 7.2.11 -I

      281
    • 7.2.12 -Jerrcount

      281
    • 7.2.13 -K

      281
    • 7.2.14 -L

      281
    • 7.2.15 -LM

      281
    • 7.2.16 -Mmapfile

      281
    • 7.2.17 -N, -Ns and-Nc

      281
    • 7.2.18 -Ooutfile

      281
    • 7.2.19 -Pspec

      281
    • 7.2.20 -Qprocessor

      283
    • 7.2.21 -S

      283
    • 7.2.22 -Sclass =limit[,bound]

      283
    • 7.2.23 -Usymbol

      283
    • 7.2.24 -Vavmap

      283
    • 7.2.25 -Wnum

      283
    • 7.2.26 -X

      283
    • 7.2.27 -Z

      283
    • 7.2.28 --DISL=message numbers Disable Messages

      284
    • 7.2.29 --EDF=message file: Set Message File Path

      284
    • 7.2.30 --EMAX=number: Specify Maximum Number of Errors

      284
    • 7.2.31 --NORLF: Do Not Relocate List File

      284
    • 7.2.32 --VER: Print Version Number

      284
  • 7.3 Relocation and Psects

    285
  • 7.4 Map Files

    286
    • 7.4.1 Generation

      286
    • 7.4.2 Contents

      286
      • 7.4.2.1 General Information

        286
      • 7.4.2.2 Psect Information Listed by Module

        287
      • 7.4.2.3 Psect Information listed by Class

        288
      • 7.4.2.4 Segment Listing

        289
      • 7.4.2.5 Unused Address Ranges

        289
      • 7.4.2.6 Symbol Table

        289
• Chapter 8. Utilities

  291
  • 8.1 Introduction

    291
  • 8.2 Librarian

    291
    • 8.2.1 The Library Format

      291
    • 8.2.2 Using the Librarian

      292
      • Table 8-1: Librarian Command-line Options

        292
      • Table 8-2: Librarian Key Letter Commands

        292
      • 8.2.2.1 Examples

        293
    • 8.2.3 Supplying Arguments

      293
    • 8.2.4 Ordering of Libraries

      293
    • 8.2.5 Error Messages

      294
  • 8.3 OBJTOHEX

    295
    • Table 8-3: OBJTOHEX Command-line Options

      295
    • 8.3.1 Checksum Specifications

      296
  • 8.4 CREF

    297
    • Table 8-4: CREF Command-line Options

      297
    • 8.4.1 -Fprefix

      297
    • 8.4.2 -Hheading

      297
    • 8.4.3 -Llen

      297
    • 8.4.4 -Ooutfile

      298
    • 8.4.5 -Pwidth

      298
    • 8.4.6 -Sstoplist

      298
    • 8.4.7 -Xprefix

      298
    • 8.4.8 --EDF=message file: Set Message File Path

      298
    • 8.4.9 --EMAX=number: Specify Maximum Number of Errors

      298
    • 8.4.10 --MSGDISABLE=message numbers Disable Messages

      298
    • 8.4.11 --VER: Print Version Number

      299
  • 8.5 CROMWELL

    300
    • Table 8-5: CROMWELL Format Types

      300
    • Table 8-6: CROMWELL Command-line Options

      300
    • 8.5.1 -Pname[,architecture]

      301
      • Table 8-7: Architecture Arguments

        301
    • 8.5.2 -N

      301
    • 8.5.3 -D

      301
    • 8.5.4 -C

      301
    • 8.5.5 -F

      301
    • 8.5.6 -Okey

      301
    • 8.5.7 -Ikey

      301
    • 8.5.8 -L

      302
    • 8.5.9 -E

      302
    • 8.5.10 -B

      302
    • 8.5.11 -M

      302
    • 8.5.12 -V

      302
    • 8.5.13 --EDF=message file: Set Message File Path

      302
    • 8.5.14 --EMAX=number: Specify Maximum Number of Errors

      302
    • 8.5.15 --MSGDISABLE=message numbers Disable Messages

      302
    • 8.5.16 --VER: Print Version Number

      302
  • 8.6 HEXMATE

    303
    • 8.6.1 HEXMATE Command Line Options

      304
      • Table 8-8: HEXMATE Command-line Options

        304
      • 8.6.1.1 specifications,filename.HEX

        305
      • 8.6.1.2 + Prefix

        305
      • 8.6.1.3 -ADDRESSING

        305
      • 8.6.1.4 -BREAK

        305
      • 8.6.1.5 -CK

        306
        • Table 8-9: HEXMATE Checksum Algorithm Selection

          306
      • 8.6.1.6 -FILL

        307
      • 8.6.1.7 -FIND

        307
      • 8.6.1.8 -FIND...,DELETE

        308
      • 8.6.1.9 -FIND...,REPLACE

        308
      • 8.6.1.10 -FORMAT

        309
        • Table 8-10: INHX Types Used in -FORMAT Option

          309
      • 8.6.1.11 -HELP

        309
      • 8.6.1.12 -LOGFILE

        309
      • 8.6.1.13 -MASK

        310
      • 8.6.1.14 -Ofile

        310
      • 8.6.1.15 -SERIAL

        310
      • 8.6.1.16 -SIZE

        310
      • 8.6.1.17 -STRING

        311
      • 8.6.1.18 -STRPACK

        311
• Appendix A. Library Functions

  313
  • __CONFIG (Baseline & Mid-Range Devices)

    313
  • __CONFIG (PIC18)

    314
  • __DELAY_MS, __DELAY_US

    314
  • __EEPROM_DATA

    315
  • __IDLOC

    315
  • __IDLOC7

    316
  • _DELAY()

    316
  • _DELAY3()

    317
  • ABS

    317
  • ACOS

    318
  • ASCTIME

    319
  • ASIN

    319
  • ASSERT

    320
  • ATAN

    321
  • ATAN2

    321
  • ATOF

    322
  • ATOI

    322
  • ATOL

    323
  • BSEARCH

    324
  • CEIL

    325
  • CGETS

    325
  • CLRWDT

    326
  • COS

    326
  • COSH, SINH, TANH

    327
  • CPUTS

    327
  • CTIME

    328
  • device_id_read()

    329
  • DI, EI

    329
  • DIV

    330
  • EEPROM routines

    330
  • EVAL_POLY

    331
  • EXP

    331
  • FABS

    332
  • FLASH Routines

    332
  • FLOOR

    332
  • FMOD

    333
  • FREXP

    333
  • FTOA

    334
  • GETCH

    334
  • GETCHE

    335
  • GETCHAR

    335
  • GETS

    336
  • GET_CAL_DATA

    336
  • GMTIME

    337
  • ISALNUM, ISALPHA, ISDIGIT, ISLOWER, et. al.

    338
  • ISDIG

    339
  • ITOA

    339
  • LABS

    340
  • LDEXP

    340
  • LDIV

    341
  • LOCALTIME

    341
  • LOG, LOG10

    342
  • LONGJMP

    343
  • LTOA

    344
  • MEMCHR

    344
  • MEMCMP

    345
  • MEMCPY

    346
  • MEMMOVE

    346
  • MEMSET

    347
  • MKTIME

    347
  • MODF

    348
  • NOP

    349
  • POW

    350
  • PRINTF, VPRINTF

    350
  • PUTCH

    352
  • PUTCHAR

    353
  • PUTS

    354
  • QSORT

    354
  • RAND

    355
  • ROUND

    356
  • SETJMP

    357
  • SIN

    357
  • SLEEP

    358
  • SPRINTF, VSPRINTF

    358
  • SQRT

    359
  • SRAND

    360
  • SSCANF, VSSCANF

    360
  • STRCAT

    361
  • STRCHR, STRICHR

    361
  • STRCMP, STRICMP

    362
  • STRCPY

    363
  • STRCSPN

    363
  • STRLEN

    364
  • STRNCAT

    365
  • STRNCMP, STRNICMP

    365
  • STRNCPY

    366
  • STRPBRK

    367
  • STRRCHR, STRRICHR

    367
  • STRSPN

    368
  • STRSTR, STRISTR

    368
  • STRTOD

    369
  • STRTOL

    370
  • STRTOK

    370
  • TAN

    371
  • TIME

    372
  • TOLOWER, TOUPPER, TOASCII

    372
  • TRUNC

    373
  • UDIV

    373
  • ULDIV

    374
  • UTOA

    374
  • VA_START, VA_ARG, VA_END

    375
  • XTOI

    376
• Appendix B. Error and Warning Messages

  377
  • Messages 1-249

    377
  • Messages 250-499

    394
  • Messages 500-749

    423
  • Messages 750-999

    435
  • Messages 1000-1249

    454
  • Messages 1250-1499

    462
• Appendix C. Implementation-Defined Behavior

  479
  • C.1 Translation (G.3.1)

    479
    • C.1.1 How a diagnostic is identified (5.1.1.3)

      479
  • C.2 Environment (G.3.2)

    479
    • C.2.1 The semantics of arguments to main (5.1.2.2.1)

      479
  • C.3 Identifiers (G.3.3)

    480
    • C.3.1 The number of significant initial characters (beyond 31) in an identifier without external linkage (6.1.2)

      480
    • C.3.2 The number of significant initial characters (beyond 6) in an identifier with external linkage (6.1.2)

      480
    • C.3.3 Whether case distinctions are significant in an identifier with external linkage (6.1.2)

      480
  • C.4 Characters (G.3.4)

    480
    • C.4.1 The members of the source and execution character sets, except as explicitly specified in the Standard (5.2.1)

      480
    • C.4.2 The shift states used for the encoding of multibyte characters (5.2.1.2)

      480
    • C.4.3 The number of bits in a character in the execution character set (5.2.4.2.1)

      480
    • C.4.4 The mapping of members of the source character set (in character and string literals) to members of the execution character set (6.1.3.4)

      480
    • C.4.5 The value of an integer character constant that contains a character or escape sequence not represented in the basic execution character set or the extended character set for a wide character constant (6.1.3.4)

      480
    • C.4.6 The value of an integer character constant that contains more than one character or a wide character constant that contains more than one multibyte character (3.1.3.4)

      480
    • C.4.7 Whether a plain char has the same range of values as signed char or unsigned char (6.2.1.1)

      480
  • C.5 Integers (G.3.5)

    481
    • C.5.1 The representations and sets of values of the various types of integers (6.1.2.5)

      481
    • C.5.2 The result of converting an integer to a shorter signed integer, or the result of converting an unsigned integer to a signed integer of equal length, if the value cannot be represented (6.2.1.2)

      481
    • C.5.3 The results of bitwise operations on signed integers (6.3)

      481
    • C.5.4 The sign of the remainder on integer division (6.3.5)

      481
      • Table C-1: Integral division

        481
    • C.5.5 The result of a right shift of a negative-valued signed integral type (6.3.7)

      481
  • C.6 Floating-Point (G.3.6)

    482
    • C.6.1 The representations and sets of values of the various types of floating-point numbers (6.1.2.5)

      482
    • C.6.2 The direction of truncation when an integral number is converted to a floating-point number that cannot exactly represent the original value (6.2.1.3)

      482
    • C.6.3 The direction of truncation or rounding when a floating-point number is converted to a narrower floating-point number (6.2.1.4)

      482
  • C.7 Arrays and Pointers (G.3.7)

    482
    • C.7.1 The type of integer required to hold the maximum size of an array; that is, the type of the sizeof operator, size_t (6.3.3.4, 7.1.1)

      482
    • C.7.2 The result of casting a pointer to an integer, or vice versa (6.3.4)

      482
    • C.7.3 The type of integer required to hold the difference between two s to members of the same array, ptrdiff_t (6.3.6, 7.1.1)

      482
  • C.8 Registers (G.3.8)

    482
    • C.8.1 The extent to which objects can actually be placed in registers by use of the register storage-class specifier (6.5.1)

      482
  • C.9 Structures, Unions, Enumerations, and Bit-Fields (G.3.9)

    483
    • C.9.1 A member of a union object is accessed using a member of a different type (6.3.2.3)

      483
    • C.9.2 The padding and alignment of members of structures (6.5.2.1)

      483
    • C.9.3 Whether a plain int bit-field is treated as a signed int bit-field or as an unsigned int bit-field (6.5.2.1)

      483
    • C.9.4 The order of allocation of bit-fields within an int (6.5.2.1)

      483
    • C.9.5 Whether a bit-field can straddle a storage-unit boundary (6.5.2.1)

      483
    • C.9.6 The integer type chosen to represent the values of an enumeration type (6.5.2.2)

      483
  • C.10 Qualifiers (G.3.10)

    483
    • C.10.1 What constitutes an access to an object that has volatile-qualified type (6.5.5.3)

      483
  • C.11 Declarators (G.3.11)

    483
    • C.11.1 The maximum number of declarators that may modify an arithmetic, structure, or union type (6.5.4)

      483
  • C.12 Statements (G.3.12)

    483
    • C.12.1 The maximum number of case values in a switch statement (6.6.4.2)

      483
  • C.13 Preprocessing Directives (G.3.13)

    484
    • C.13.1 Whether the value of a single-character character constant in a constant expression that controls conditional inclusion matches the value of the same character constant in the execution character set (6.8.1)

      484
    • C.13.2 Whether such a character constant may have a negative value (6.8.1)

      484
    • C.13.3 The method for locating includable source files (6.8.2)

      484
    • C.13.4 The support of quoted names for includable source files (6.8.2)

      484
    • C.13.5 The mapping of source file character sequences (6.8.2)

      484
    • C.13.6 The behavior on each recognized #pragma directive (6.8.6)

      484
    • C.13.7 The definitions for __DATE__ and __TIME__ when, respectively, the date and time of translation are not available (6.8.8)

      484
  • C.14 Library Functions (G.3.14)

    485
    • C.14.1 The null constant to which the macro NULL expands (7.1.6)

      485
    • C.14.2 The diagnostic printed by and the termination behavior of the assert function (7.2)

      485
    • C.14.3 The sets of characters tested for by the isalnum, isalpha, iscntrl, islower, isprint, and isupper functions (7.3.1)

      485
    • C.14.4 The values returned by the mathematics functions on domain errors (7.5.1)

      485
    • C.14.5 Whether the mathematics functions set the integer expression errno to the value of the macro ERANGE on underflow range errors (7.5.1)

      485
    • C.14.6 Whether a domain error occurs or zero is returned when the fmod function has a second argument of zero (7.5.6.4)

      485
    • C.14.7 The set of signals for the signal function (7.7.1.1)

      485
    • C.14.8 The output for %p conversion in the fprintf function (7.9.6.1)

      486
    • C.14.9 The local time zone and Daylight Saving Time (7.12.1)

      486
• Glossary

  487
• Index

  507
• Worldwide Sales and Service

  518