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Glossary

B-11

A set of protocols for accessing information directories. LDAP is based on the standards contained within 
the X.500 standard, but is significantly simpler. Unlike X.500, LDAP supports TCP/IP, which is necessary 
for any type of Internet access. Although not yet widely implemented, LDAP should eventually make it 
possible for almost any application running on virtually any computer platform to obtain directory 
information, such as e-mail addresses and public keys. Because LDAP is an open protocol, applications 
need not worry about the type of server hosting the directory. 

The bridge examines the Layer 2 source addresses of every frame on the attached networks (called listening) 
and then maintains a table, or cache, of which MAC addresses are attached to each of its ports.

In routing protocols, the declared information about the available interfaces and available neighbors of a 
router or network. The protocol's topological database is formed from the collected link-state declarations.

The ability to distribute traffic across various ports of a device, such as a switch, to provide efficient, 
optimized traffic throughout the network.

A communications network serving users within a limited area, such as one floor of a building. A LAN 
typically connects multiple personal computers and shared network devices such as storage and printers. 
Although many technologies exist to implement a LAN, Ethernet is the most common for connecting 
personal computers and is limited to a distance of 1,500 feet. LANs can be connected together, but if 
modems and telephones connect two or more LANs, the larger network constitutes what is called a WAN or 
Wide Area Network. 

An event that occurs when two network devices are connected by more than one path, thereby causing 
packets to repeatedly cycle around the network and not reach their destination.