Manuali utente per AMD athlon 64

Sommario

• Contents

  3
• List of Figures

  5
• Revision History

  7
• Chapter 1 Introduction

  9
  • 1.1 Related Documents

    10
• Chapter 2 Experimental Setup

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  • 2.1 System Used

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    • Figure 1. Quartet Topology

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    • Figure 2. Internal Resources Associated with a Quartet Node

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  • 2.2 Synthetic Test

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    • Table 1. Data Access Rate Qualifiers

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  • 2.3 Reading and Interpreting Test Graphs

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    • Figure 3. Write-Only Thread Running on Node 0, Accessing Data from 0, 1 and 2 Hops Away on an Idle System

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    • 2.3.1 X-Axis Display

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    • 2.3.2 Labels Used

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    • 2.3.3 Y-Axis Display

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• Chapter 3 Analysis and Recommendations

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  • 3.1 Scheduling Threads

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    • 3.1.1 Multiple Threads-Independent Data

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    • 3.1.2 Multiple Threads-Shared Data

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    • 3.1.3 Scheduling on a Non-Idle System

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  • 3.2 Data Locality Considerations

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    • Figure 4. Read-Only Thread Running on Node 0, Accessing Data from 0, 1 and 2 Hops Away on an Idle System

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    • Figure 5. Write-Only Thread Running on Node 0, Accessing Data from 0, 1 and 2 Hops Away on an Idle System

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    • 3.2.1 Keeping Data Local by Virtue of first Touch

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    • 3.2.2 Data Placement Techniques to Alleviate Unnecessary Data Sharing Between Nodes Due to First Touch

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  • 3.3 Avoid Cache Line Sharing

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  • 3.4 Common Hop Myths Debunked

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    • 3.4.1 Myth: All Equal Hop Cases Take Equal Time.

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      • Figure 6. Crossfire 1 Hop-1 Hop Case vs No Crossfire 1 Hop-1 Hop Case on an Idle System

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      • Figure 7. Crossfire 1 Hop-1 Hop Case vs No Crossfire 1 Hop-1 Hop Case under a Low Background Load (High Subscription)

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      • Figure 8. Crossfire 1 Hop-1 Hop Case vs No Crossfire 1 Hop-1 Hop Case under a Very High Background Load (High Subscription)

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      • Figure 9. Crossfire 1 Hop-1 Hop Case vs No Crossfire 1 Hop-1 Hop Case under a Very High Background Load (Full Subscription)

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    • 3.4.2 Myth: Greater Hop Distance Always Means Slower Time.

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      • Figure 10. Both Read-Only Threads Running on Node 0 (Different Cores) on an Idle System

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      • Figure 11. Both Write-Only Threads Running on Node 0 (Different Cores) on an Idle System

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      • Figure 12. Both Write-Only Threads Running on Node 0 (Different Cores) under Low Background Load (High Subscription)

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      • Figure 13. Both Write-Only Threads Running on Node 0 (Different Cores) under Medium Background Load (High Subscription)

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      • Figure 14. Both Write-Only Threads Running on Node 0 (Different Cores) under High Background Load (High Subscription)

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      • Figure 15. Both Write-Only Threads Running on Node 0 (Different Cores) under Very High Background Load (High Subscription)

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  • 3.5 Locks

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  • 3.6 Parallelism Exposed by Compilers on AMD ccNUMA Multiprocessor Systems

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• Chapter 4 Conclusions

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• Appendix A

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  • A.1 Description of the Buffer Queues

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    • Figure 16. Internal Resources Associated with a Quartet Node

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  • A.2 Why Is the Crossfire Case Slower Than the No Crossfire Case on an Idle System?

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    • A.2.1 What Resources Are Used When a Single Read-Only or Write-Only Thread Accesses Remote Data?

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    • A.2.2 What Resources Are Used When Two Write-only Threads Fire at Each Other (Crossfire) on an Idle System?

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    • A.2.3 What Role Do Buffers Play in the Throughput Observed?

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    • A.2.4 What Resources Are Used When Write-Only Threads Do Not Fire at Each Other (No Crossfire) on an Idle System?

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  • A.3 Why Is the No Crossfire Case Slower Than the Crossfire Case on a System under a Very High Background Load (Full Subscription)?

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  • A.4 Why Is 0 Hop-0 Hop Case Slower Than the 0 Hop-1 Hop Case on an Idle System for Write- Only Threads?

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  • A.5 Why Is 0 Hop-1 Hop Case Slower Than 0 Hop-0 Hop Case on a System under High Background Load (High Subscription) for Write- Only Threads?

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  • A.6 Support for a ccNUMA-Aware Scheduler for AMD64 ccNUMA Multiprocessor Systems

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  • A.7 Tools and APIs for Thread/Process and Memory Placement (Affinity) for AMD64 ccNUMA Multiprocessor Systems

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    • A.7.1 Support Under Linux®

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    • A.7.2 Support under Solaris

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    • A.7.3 Support under Microsoft® Windows®

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  • A.8 Tools and APIs for Node Interleaving in Various OSs for AMD64 ccNUMA Multiprocessor Systems

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    • A.8.1 Support under Linux®

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    • A.8.2 Support under Solaris

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    • A.8.3 Support under Microsoft® Windows®

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    • A.8.4 Node Interleaving Configuration in the BIOS

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