Manuale UtenteSommarioTitle Page1Documentation Map4Contents51 Making Measurements15Using This Chapter16More Instrument Functions Not Described in This Guide17Making a Basic Measurement18Step 1. Connect the device under test and any required test equipment.18Step 2. Choose the measurement parameters.18Step 3. Perform and apply the appropriate error-correction.19Step 4. Measure the device under test.19Step 5. Output the measurement results.20Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response21Measuring the Magnitude Response21Measuring Insertion Phase Response22Using Display Functions24Titling the Active Channel Display25Viewing Both Primary Measurement Channels26Viewing Four Measurement Channels28Customizing the Four-Channel Display31Using Memory Traces and Memory Math Functions33Blanking the Display35Adjusting the Colors of the Display36Using Markers38To Use Continuous and Discrete Markers38To Activate Display Markers39To Move Marker Information Off the Grids40To Use Delta (D) Markers42To Activate a Fixed Marker43To Couple and Uncouple Display Markers45To Use Polar Format Markers46To Use Smith Chart Markers47To Set Measurement Parameters Using Markers48Setting the CW Frequency52To Search for a Specific Amplitude53To Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data56Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion57Measuring Electrical Length57Measuring Phase Distortion59Characterizing a Duplexer (ES Analyzers Only)63Definitions63Procedure63Measuring Amplifiers66Measuring Gain Compression67Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation Simultaneously (ES Analyzers Only)71Making High Power Measurements with Option 085 (ES Analyzers Only)73Making High Power Measurements with Option 012 (ES Analyzers Only)79Using the Swept List Mode to Test a Device81Connect the Device Under Test81Observe the Characteristics of the Filter82Choose the Measurement Parameters82Calibrate and Measure84Using Limit Lines to Test a Device86Setting Up the Measurement Parameters86Creating Flat Limit Lines87Creating a Sloping Limit Line89Creating Single Point Limits91Editing Limit Segments92Running a Limit Test93Offsetting Limit Lines93Using Ripple Limits to Test a Device95Setting Up the List of Ripple Limits to Test95Editing Ripple Test Limits98Running the Ripple Test100Using Bandwidth Limits to Test a Bandpass Filter106Setting Up Bandwidth Limits106Running a Bandwidth Test108Using Test Sequencing112How to Use Test Sequencing112Creating a Sequence112Running a Sequence114Stopping a Sequence114Editing a Sequence114Clearing a Sequence from Memory116Changing the Sequence Title117Naming Files Generated by a Sequence117Storing a Sequence on a Disk118Loading a Sequence from Disk118Purging a Sequence from Disk118Printing a Sequence119In-Depth Sequencing Information119Using Test Sequencing to Test a Device128Cascading Multiple Example Sequences128Loop Counter Example Sequence129Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence130Limit Test Example Sequence1322 Making Mixer Measurements (Option 089 Only)135Using This Chapter136Mixer Measurement Capabilities137Measurement Considerations138Minimizing Source and Load Mismatches138Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses139Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals140How RF and IF Are Defined141Frequency Offset Mode Operation143LO Frequency Accuracy and Stability144Differences Between Internal and External R Channel Inputs144Power Meter Calibration146Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Offset Mode147Setting Measurement Parameters for the Power Meter Calibration148Performing a Power Meter (Source) Calibration Over the RF Range149Setting the Analyzer to Make an R Channel Measurement151High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss154Set Measurement Parameters for the IF Range154Perform a Power Meter Calibration Over the IF Range154Perform a Receiver Calibration Over the IF Range156Set the Analyzer to the RF Frequency Range156Perform a Power Meter Calibration Over the RF Range157Perform the High Dynamic Range Measurement158Fixed IF Mixer Measurements161Tuned Receiver Mode161Sequence 1 Setup161Sequence 2 Setup166Phase or Group Delay Measurements169Phase Measurements169Phase Linearity and Group Delay169Amplitude and Phase Tracking173Conversion Compression Using the Frequency Offset Mode174Isolation Example Measurements179LO to RF Isolation179RF Feedthrough181SWR / Return Loss1843 Making Time Domain Measurements185Using This Chapter186Introduction to Time Domain Measurements187Making Transmission Response Measurements189Making Reflection Response Measurements193Time Domain Bandpass Mode196Adjusting the Relative Velocity Factor196Reflection Measurements Using Bandpass Mode196Transmission Measurements Using Bandpass Mode198Time Domain Low Pass Mode199Setting the Frequency Range for Time Domain Low Pass199Reflection Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass200Fault Location Measurements Using Low Pass202Transmission Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass203Transforming CW Time Measurements into the Frequency Domain206Forward Transform Measurements206Masking210Windowing211Range214Resolution216Response Resolution216Range Resolution218Gating219Setting the Gate219Selecting Gate Shape2204 Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results221Using This Chapter222Printing or Plotting Your Measurement Results223Configuring a Print Function224Defining a Print Function226If You Are Using a Color Printer226To Reset the Printing Parameters to Default Values227Printing One Measurement Per Page228Printing Multiple Measurements Per Page229Configuring a Plot Function230If You Are Plotting to an HPGL/2 Compatible Printer230If You Are Plotting to a Pen Plotter232If You Are Plotting Measurement Results to a Disk Drive233Defining a Plot Function235Choosing Display Elements235Selecting Auto-Feed235Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors236Selecting Line Types237Choosing Scale237Choosing Plot Speed238To Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values238Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter239Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Pen Plotter240If You Are Plotting to an HPGL Compatible Printer241To View Plot Files on a PC242Using Ami Pro243Using Freelance243Converting HPGL Files for Use with Other PC Applications244Outputting Plot Files from a PC to a Plotter244Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer245Step 1. Store the HPGL initialization sequence.245Step 2. Store the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence.246Step 3. Send the HPGL initialization sequence to the printer.246Step 4. Send the plot file to the printer.246Step 5. Send the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence to the printer.246Outputting Single Page Plots Using a Printer246Outputting Multiple Plots to a Single Page Using a Printer247Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page from Disk248To Plot Multiple Measurements on a Full Page249To Plot Measurements in Page Quadrants250Titling the Displayed Measurement252Configuring the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp253Aborting a Print or Plot Process253Printing or Plotting the List Values or Operating Parameters254If You Want a Single Page of Values254If You Want the Entire List of Values254Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting255Saving and Recalling Instrument States256Places Where You Can Save256What You Can Save to the Analyzer's Internal Memory256What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk257What You Can Save to a Computer257Saving an Instrument State258Saving Measurement Results259ASCII Data Formats261Saving in Textual (CSV) Form264Saving in Graphical (JPEG) Form266Instrument State Files267Saving Time Gated Frequency Data269Differences between Raw, Data, and Format Arrays269Re-Saving an Instrument State271Deleting a File272To Delete an Instrument State File272To Delete all Files272Renaming a File273Recalling a File274Formatting a Disk274Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling Files275If You Are Using an External Disk Drive2755 Optimizing Measurement Results277Using This Chapter278Taking Care of Microwave Connectors279Increasing Measurement Accuracy280Interconnecting Cables280Improper Calibration Techniques280Sweeping Too Fast for Electrically Long Devices280Connector Repeatability280Temperature Drift281Frequency Drift281Performance Verification281Reference Plane and Port Extensions281Maintaining Test Port Output Power During Sweep Retrace283Making Accurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices284The Cause of Measurement Problems284To Improve Measurement Results284Increasing Sweep Speed286To Use Swept List Mode286To Decrease the Frequency Span287To Set the Auto Sweep Time Mode288To Widen the System Bandwidth288To Reduce the Averaging Factor288To Reduce the Number of Measurement Points288To Set the Sweep Type288To View a Single Measurement Channel289To Activate Chop Sweep Mode289To Use External Calibration289To Use Fast 2-Port Calibration (ES Analyzers Only)289Increasing Dynamic Range291Increase the Test Port Input Power291Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor291Reduce the Receiver Crosstalk291Reducing Noise292To Activate Averaging292To Change System Bandwidth292To Use Direct Sampler Access Configurations (Option 012 Only)293Reducing Receiver Crosstalk294Reducing Recall Time2946 Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy295How to Use This Chapter296Introduction297Calibration Considerations298Measurement Parameters298Device Measurements298Clarifying Type-N Connector Sex298Omitting Isolation Calibration298Saving Calibration Data299Restarting a Calibration299The Calibration Standards299Frequency Response of Calibration Standards300Interpolated Error Correction302Error-Correction Stimulus State303Procedures for Error Correcting Your Measurements304Types of Error Correction304Frequency Response Error Corrections306Response Error Correction for Reflection Measurements306Response Error Correction for Transmission Measurements308Receiver Calibration309Frequency Response and Isolation Error Corrections311Response and Isolation Error Correction for Transmission Measurements311Response and Isolation Error Correction for Reflection Measurements313Enhanced Frequency Response Error Correction316Enhanced Reflection Calibration319One-Port Reflection Error Correction320Full Two-Port Error Correction (ES Analyzers Only)323Power Meter Measurement Calibration327Loss of Power Meter Calibration Data327Interpolation in Power Meter Calibration328Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data328Compensating for Directional Coupler Response329Using Sample-and-Sweep Correction Mode330Using Continuous Correction Mode332Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices334Adapter Removal Calibration (ES Analyzers Only)335Perform the 2-Port Error Corrections336Verify the Results339Matched Adapters339Modify the Cal Kit Thru Definition340Minimizing Error When Using Adapters341Making Non-Coaxial Measurements342Fixtures342Calibrating for Non-Coaxial Devices (ES Analyzers Only)344TRL Error Correction344LRM Error Correction348Create a User-Defined LRM Calibration Kit348Perform the LRM Calibration350Calibrating Using Electronic Calibration (ECal)352Set Up the Measurement352Connect the ECal Equipment353Select the ECal Options354Perform the Calibration356Display the Module Information358Perform the Confidence Check359Investigating the Calibration Results Using the ECal Service Menu361Adapter Removal Using ECal (ES Analyzers Only)363Perform the 2-Port Error Corrections365Determine the Electrical Delay367Remove the Adapter368Verify the Results3697 Operating Concepts371Using This Chapter372Where to Find More Information372System Operation373The Built-In Synthesized Source373The Built-In Test Set374The Receiver Block374The Microprocessor374Required Peripheral Equipment374Processing375Processing Details376Output Power379Understanding the Power Ranges379Power Coupling Options380Sweep Time381Manual Sweep Time Mode381Auto Sweep Time Mode381Minimum Sweep Time381Source Attenuator Switch Protection383Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator383Channel Stimulus Coupling384Sweep Types385Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz)385Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz)385Stepped List Frequency Sweep (Hz)385Swept List Frequency Sweep (Hz)387Power Sweep (dBm)389CW Time Sweep (Seconds)389Selecting Sweep Modes389S-Parameters390Understanding S-Parameters390The S-Parameter Menu392Analyzer Display Formats394Log Magnitude Format394Phase Format394Group Delay Format395Smith Chart Format396Polar Format397Linear Magnitude Format397SWR Format398Real Format399Imaginary Format399Group Delay Principles399Electrical Delay403Noise Reduction Techniques404Averaging404Smoothing405IF Bandwidth Reduction405Measurement Calibration407What Is Accuracy Enhancement?407What Causes Measurement Errors?408Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors411How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement?421Calibration Routines424Response Calibration424Response and Isolation Calibration424Enhanced Response Calibration424S425Full Two-Port Calibration (ES Models Only)425TRL*/LRM* Two-Port Calibration425E-CAL426Modifying Calibration Kits427Definitions427Procedure428Modify Calibration Kit Menu428Verify Performance435Saving Modified Calibration Kits to a Disk435Modifying and Saving a Calibration Kit from the Calibration Kit Selection Menu436TRL*/LRM* Calibration (ES Models Only)437Why Use TRL Calibration?437TRL Terminology438How TRL*/LRM* Calibration Works438Improving Raw Source Match and Load Match for TRL*/LRM* Calibration441How True TRL/LRM Works (Option 400 Only)442The TRL Calibration Procedure442GPIB Operation448Local Key448GPIB STATUS Indicators449System Controller Mode449Talker/Listener Mode449Pass Control Mode449Address Menu450Using the Parallel Port450Limit Line Operation452Edit Limits Menu453Edit Segment Menu453Offset Limits Menu453Knowing the Instrument Modes454Network Analyzer Mode454Tuned Receiver Mode454Frequency Offset Operation (Option 089)4558 Safety and Regulatory Information457General Information458Maintenance458Assistance458Shipment for Service458Safety Symbols460Instrument Markings460Safety Considerations461Safety Earth Ground461Before Applying Power461Servicing462General463Compliance with German FTZ Emissions Requirements464Compliance with German Noise Requirements464Compliance with Canadian EMC Requirements464Declaration of Conformity465Index467Dimensioni: 8,89 MBPagine: 478Language: EnglishApri il manuale
